Visual attention to emotion in depression: Facilitation and withdrawal processes

References

• Beck , A. T. 1967 . Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects , New York , NY : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Steer , R. A. and Brown , G. K. 1996 . Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) , San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , B. P. , Mogg , K. and Lee , S. C. 1997 . Attentional biases for negative information in induced and naturally occurring dysphoria . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 : 911 – 927 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo , M. G. and Lundqvist , D. 2008 . Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): Identification under different display-duration conditions . Behavior Research Methods , 40 : 109 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caseras , X. , Garner , M. , Bradley , B. P. and Mogg , K. 2007 . Biases in visual orienting to negative and positive scenes in dysphoria: An eye-movement study . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 116 : 491 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Raedt , R. and Koster , E. H. W. 2010 . Understanding increasing vulnerability for depression from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: A reappraisal of attentional factors and a new conceptual framework . Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience , 10 : 50 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eizenman , M. , Yu , L. H. , Grupp , L. , Eizenman , E. , Ellenbogen , M. Gemar , M. 2003 . A naturalistic visual scanning approach to assess selective attention in major depressive disorder . Psychiatry Research , 118 : 117 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. 1976 . Pictures of facial affect , Palo Alto , CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ellenbogen , M. A. and Schwartzman , A. E. 2009 . Selective attention and avoidance on a pictorial cueing task during stress in clinically anxious and depressed participants . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 47 : 128 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First , M. B. , Spitzer , R. L. , Gibbon , M. and Williams , J. B. W. 2002 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P) , New York , NY : Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , E. , Russo , R. , Bowles , R. and Dutton , K. 2001 . Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 130 : 681 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlib , I. H. , Kasch , K. L. , Traill , S. , Joormann , J. , Arnow , B. and Johnson , S. L. 2004 . Coherence and specificity of information-processing biases in depression and social phobia . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 113 : 386 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlib , I. H. , Krasnoperova , E. , Yue , D. N. and Joormann , J. 2004 . Attentional biases for negative interpersonal stimuli in clinical depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 113 : 127 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , A. B. and Dutton , F. 1989 . Depression and selective attention to self-esteem threatening words . Personality and Individual Differences , 10 : 915 – 917 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann , J. 2004 . Attentional bias in dysphoria . Cognition and Emotion , 18 : 125 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann , J. and Gotlib , I. H. 2007 . Selective attention to emotional faces following recovery from depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 116 : 80 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann , J. , Talbot , L. and Gotlib , I. H. 2007 . Biased processing of emotional information in girls at risk for depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 116 : 135 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karparova , S. P. , Kersting , A. and Suslow , T. 2005 . Disengagement of attention from facial emotion in unipolar depression . Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 59 : 723 – 729 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellough , J. L. , Beevers , C. G. , Ellis , A. J. and Wells , T. T. 2008 . Time course of selective attention in clinically depressed young adults: An eye tracking study . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 46 : 1238 – 1243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornblum , S. , Hasbroucq , T. and Osman , A. 1990 . Dimensional overlap: Cognitive basis for stimulus–response compatibility: A model and taxonomy . Psychological Review , 97 : 253 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster , E. H. W. , De Raedt , R. , Goeleven , E. , Franck , E. and Crombez , G. 2005 . Mood-congruent attentional bias in dysphoria: Maintained attention to and impaired disengagement from negative information . Emotion , 5 : 446 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster , E. H. W. , De Raedt , R. , Leyman , L. and De Lissnyder , E. 2010 . Mood-congruent attention and memory bias in dysphoria: Exploring the coherence among information-processing biases . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 48 : 219 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster , E. H. W. , Leyman , L. , De Raedt , R. and Crombez , G. 2006 . Cueing of visual attention by emotional facial expressions: The influence of individual differences in anxiety and depression . Personality and Individual Differences , 41 : 329 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist , D. , Flykt , A. , & Öhman , A. 1998 . The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces—KDEF [CD-ROM] . Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology section, Karolinska Institute Stockholm , , Sweden .
   Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky , S. , Caldwell , N. D. and Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 1998 . Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 166 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , G. R. and Antes , J. R. 1992 . Visual attention and depression: Cognitive biases in the eye fixations of the dysphoric and the non-depressed . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 16 : 359 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. and Bradley , B. P. 2005 . Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus depressive disorder . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 29 : 29 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. , Bradley , B. P. and Williams , R. 1995 . Attentional bias in anxiety and depression: The role of awareness . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 34 : 17 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K. , Holmes , A. , Garner , M. and Bradley , B. P. 2008 . Effects of threat cues on attentional shifting, disengagement and response slowing in anxious individuals . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 46 : 656 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peckham , A. D. , McHugh , R. K. and Otto , M. W. 2010 . A meta-analysis of the magnitude of biased attention in depression . Depression & Anxiety , 27 : 1135 – 1142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. 1980 . Orienting of attention . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 32 : 3 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psychology Software Tools . 2002 . E-Prime (Version 1.1). [Computer software] . Pittsburgh , PA .
   Google Scholar
• Psychology Software Tools . 2002 . Serial response box . [Computer hardware] . Pittsburgh , PA .
   Google Scholar
• Rinck , M. and Becker , E. S. 2005 . A comparison of attentional biases and memory biases in women with social phobia and major depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 114 : 62 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , J. R. 1969 . Reactions towards the source of stimulation . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 81 : 174 – 176 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stolz , J. A. 1996 . Exogenous orienting does not reflect an encapsulated set of processes . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 22 : 187 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suslow , T. , Dannlowski , U. , Lalee-Mentzel , J. , Donges , U. S. , Arolt , V. and Kersting , A. 2004 . Spatial processing of facial emotion in patients with unipolar depression: A longitudinal study . Journal of Affective Disorders , 83 : 59 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tottenham , N. , Tanaka , J. , Leon , A. C. , McCarry , T. , Nurse , M. Hare , T. A. 2009 . The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants . Psychiatry Research , 168 : 242 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman , A. and Gormican , S. 1988 . Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries . Psychological Review , 95 : 15 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weierich , M. R. , Treat , T. A. and Hollingworth , A. H. 2008 . Theories and measurement of visual attentional processing in anxiety . Cognition and Emotion , 22 : 985 – 1018 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. M. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1997 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorder , Chichester , , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wisco , B. E. 2009 . Depressive cognition: Self-reference and depth of processing . Clinical Psychology Review , 29 : 382 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar