Emotional time distortions: The fundamental role of arousal

REFERENCES

• Angrilli , A. , Cherubini , P. , Pavese , A. and Manfredini , S. 1997 . The influence of affective factors on time perception . Perception & Psychophysics , 59 : 972 – 982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannerman , R. L. , Milders , M. , de Gelder , B. and Sahraie , A. 2009 . Orienting to threat: Faster localization of fearful facial expressions and body postures revealed by saccadic eye movements . Progress in Biological Science , 276 : 1635 – 1641 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Haim , Y. , Kerem , A. , Lamy , D. and Zakay , D. 2010 . When time slows down: The influence of threat on time perception in anxiety . Cognition and Emotion , 24 : 255 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. and Beamesderfer , A. 1974 . Assessment of depression: The Depression Inventory. Psychological measurements in psychopharmacology . Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry , 7 : 151 – 159 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradley , M. M. , Codispoti , M. , Cuthbert , B. N. and Lang , P. J. 2001 . Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing . Emotion , 1 : 276 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , M. M. , Sabatinelli , D. , Lang , P. J. , Fitzsimmons , J. R. , King , W. and Desai , P. 2003 . Activation of the visual cortex in motivated attention . Behavioral Neuroscience , 117 : 369 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco , C. , Redolat , R. and Simon , V. M. 1998 . Time estimation in minimally abstinent smokers . Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental , 13 : 543 – 549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , R.-K. , Ali , Y. M. and Meck , W. 2007 . Ketamine “unlocks” the reduced clock-speed effects of cocaine following extended training: Evidence for dopamine–glutamate interactions in timing and time perception . Neurobiology of Learning and Memory , 88 : 149 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collet , L. and Cottraux , J. 1986 . The shortened Beck Depression Inventory: Study of the concurrent validity with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Widlöcher Retardation Rating Scale . L'Encéphale , 12 : 77 – 79 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coull , J. T. , Cheng , R.-K. and Meck , W. H. 2011 . Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of timing . Neuropsychopharmacology , 36 : 3 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coull , J. T. , Vidal , F. , Nazarian , B. and Macar , F. 2004 . Functional anatomy of the attentional modulation of time estimation . Science , 303 : 1506 – 1508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. and Whalen , P. J. 2001 . The amygdala: Vigilance and emotion . Molecular Psychiatry , 6 : 13 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doi , H. and Shinohara , K. 2009 . The perceived duration of emotional faces is influenced by the gaze direction . Neuroscience Letters , 457 : 97 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droit-Volet , S. in press . What emotions tell us about Time . In D. Lloyd & V. Arstila , Subjective time: The philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of temporality . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Droit-Volet , S. , Brunot , S. and Niedenthal , P. M. 2004 . Perception of the duration of emotional events . Cognition and Emotion , 18 : 849 – 858 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droit-Volet , S. and Gil , S. 2009 . Emotion and time perception . Journal of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Biological Sciences) , 364 : 1943 – 1953 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droit-Volet , S. and Meck , W. H. 2007 . How emotions colour our time perception . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 1 ( 12 ) : 504 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droit-Volet , S. , Mermillod , M. , Cocenas-Silva , R. and Gil , S. 2010 . The effect of expectancy of a threatening event on time perception in human adults . Emotion , 10 : 908 – 914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droit-Volet , S. and Wearden , J. H. 2001 . Temporal bisection in children . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 55 : 142 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effron , D. , Niedenthal , P. M. , Gil , S. and Droit-Volet , S. 2006 . Embodiment of temporal perception of emotion . Emotion , 6 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. 1984 . “ Expression and the nature of emotion ” . In Approaches to emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. and Ekman , P. 287 – 306 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Ewbank , M. P. , Barnard , P. J. , Croucher , C. J. , Ramponi , C. and Calder , A. J. 2009 . The amygdala response to images with impact . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience , 4 : 127 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• François , M. 1927 . Contributions à l’étude du sens du temps: La température interne comme facteur de variation de l'appréciation subjective des durées . L'Année Psychologique , 27 : 186 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbon , J. 1977 . Scalar expectancy theory of Weber's law in animal timing . Psychological Review , 84 : 279 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbon , J. , Church , R. M. and Meck , W. H. 1984 . “ Scalar timing in memory ” . In Timing and time perception , Edited by: Gibbon , J. and Allan , L. G. 52 – 77 . New York , NY : New York Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Gil , S. and Droit-Volet , S. 2009 . Time perception, depression and sadness . Behavioural Processes , 80 : 169 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil , S. and Droit-Volet , S. 2011 . “Time flies in the presence of angry faces” … depending on the temporal task used! . Acta Psychologica , 136 : 354 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil , S. , Niedenthal , P. M. and Droit-Volet , S. 2007 . Anger and temporal perception in children . Emotion , 7 : 219 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil , S. , Rousset , S. and Droit-Volet , S. 2009 . How liked and disliked food affect time perception . Emotion , 9 : 457 – 463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grommet , E. K. , Droit-Volet , S. , Gil , S. , Hemmes , N. S. , Baker , A. H. and Brown , B. 2011 . Time estimation of fear cues in human observers . Behavioural Processes , 86 : 88 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidt , J. , McCauley , C. and Rozin , P. 1994 . Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors . Personality and Individual Differences , 16 : 701 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoagland , H. 1933 . The physiological control of judgments of duration: Evidence for a chemical clock . Journal of General Psychology , 9 : 267 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Innes-Ker , A. and Niedenthal , P. M. 2002 . Emotion concepts and emotional states in social judgment and categorization . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 804 – 816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. 1977 . Human emotions , New York , NY : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. and Ackerman , B. P. 2000 . “ Motivational, organizational and regulatory functions of discrete emotions ” . In Handbook of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Hairland-Jones , J. M. 253 – 264 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• James , W. 1884 . What is an emotion? . Mind , 9 : 188 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Karmarkar , U. R. and Buonomano , D. V. 2007 . Timing in the absence of clocks: Encoding time in neural network states . Neuron , 53 : 427 – 438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil , A. and Ihssen , N. 2004 . Identification facilitation for emotionally arousing verbs during the attentional blink . Emotion , 4 : 23 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , P. J. and Bradley , M. M. 2010 . Emotion and the motivational brain . Biological Psychology , 84 : 437 – 450 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , P. J. , Bradley , M. M. and Cuthbert , B. N. 2005 . International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual (Technical Report A-6) , Gainesville , FL : University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Ledoux , J. E. 1996 . The emotional brain. The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life , New York , NY : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Ledoux , J. E. 2000 . “ Cognitive–emotional interactions: Listen to the brain ” . In Cognitive neuroscience of emotion , Edited by: Lane , R. D. and Nadel , L. 129 – 155 . Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ledoux , J. E. 2002 . Synaptic self: How our brains become who we are , Harmondsworth , , UK : Penguin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , P. A. and Miall , R. C. 2006 . A right hemispheric prefrontal system for cognitive time measurement . Behavioural Processes , 71 : 226 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq , A. V. , Roberts , S. and Church , R. M. 1981 . Methamphetamine and time estimation . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 7 : 18 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matell , M. S. , Bateson , M. and Meck , W. H. 2006 . Single-trials analyses demonstrate that increases in clock speed contribute to the methamphetamine-induced horizontal shifts in peak-interval timing functions . Psychopharmacology , 188 : 1432 – 2072 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meck , W. H. 1983 . Selective adjustment of speed of internal clock and memory processes . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 9 : 171 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mella , N. , Conty , L. and Pouthas , V. 2010 . The role of physiological arousal in time perception: Psychophysiological evidence from an emotion regulation paradigm . Brain and Cognition , 75 : 182 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikels , J. A. , Fredrickson , B. L. , Larkin , G. R. , Lindberg , C. M. , Maglio , S. J. and Reuter-Lorenz , P. A. 2005 . Emotional category data on images from the International Affective Picture System . Behavior Research Methods , 37 : 626 – 630 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondillon , L. , Niedenthal , P. M. , Gil , S. and Droit-Volet , S. 2007 . Imitation of in-group versus out-group members’ facial expressions of anger: A test with a time perception task . Social Neuroscience , 2 : 223 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , F. C. , Hill , E. L. , Ramponi , C. , Calder , A. J. and Barnard , P. J. 2010 . Paying attention to emotional images with impact . Emotion , 10 : 605 – 614 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nather , F. C. , Bueno , J. L. O. , Bigand , E. , & Droit-Volet , S. 2011 . Time changes with the embodiment of another's body posture . Plos One 6 1 – 7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noulhiane , M. , Mella , N. , Samson , S. , Ragot , R. and Pouthas , V. 2007 . How emotional auditory stimuli modulate time perception . Emotion , 7 : 697 – 704 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nummenmaa , L. , Hyönä , J. and Calvo , M. G. 2006 . Eye movement assessment of selective attentional capture by emotional pictures . Emotion , 6 : 257 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olofsson , J. K. , Nordin , S. , Sequeira , H. and Polich , J. 2008 . Affective picture processing: An integrative review of ERP findings . Biological Psychology , 77 : 247 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega , L. and Lopez , F. 2008 . Effects of visual flicker on subjective time in a temporal bisection task . Behavioural Processes , 78 : 380 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panksepp , J. 2007 . Neurologizing the psychology of affects: How appraisal-based constructivism and basic emotion theory can coexist . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 2 : 281 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penton-Voak , I. S. , Edwards , H. , Percival , A. and Wearden , J. H. 1996 . Speeding up an internal clock in humans? Effects of click trains on subjective duration . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 22 : 307 – 320 .
   Google Scholar
• Phelps , E. A. , Ling , S. and Carrasco , M. 2006 . Emotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefits of attention . Psychological Science , 17 : 292 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rammsayer , T. 2011 . Elaborative rehearsal of nontemporal information interferes with temporal processing of durations in the range of seconds but not milliseconds . Acta Psychologica , 137 : 127 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 2001 . “ Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking ” . In Appraisal process in emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. , Schorr , A. and Johnstone , T. 92 – 120 . Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schweitzer , M. B. and Paulhan , I. 1990 . Manuel pour l'Inventaire d'Anxiété Trait—Etat (forme Y) , Paris , , France : Editions du Centre de Psychologie Appliquée .
   Google Scholar
• Shimmack , U. 2005 . Attentional interference effects of emotional pictures: Threat, negativity, or arousal? . Emotion , 5 : 55 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. and Lusthene , R. E. 1983 . Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , Palo Alto , CA : Consulting Psychologist Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tipples , J. 2008 . Negative emotionality influences the effects of emotion on time perception . Emotion , 8 : 127 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipples , J. 2011 . When time stands still: Fear-specific modulation of temporal bias due to threat . Emotion , 11 : 74 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman , M. , Faulkner , A. , Naish , P. L. N. and Brogan , D. 1990 . The internal clock: Evidence for a temporal oscillator underlying time perception with some estimates of its characteristic frequency . Perception , 19 : 705 – 743 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier , P. , Armony , J. L. , Driver , J. and Dolan , R. J. 2003 . Distinct spatial frequency sensitivities for processing faces and emotional expressions . Nature Neuroscience , 6 : 624 – 631 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wearden , J. H. , Norton , R. , Martin , S. and Montford-Bebb , O. 2007 . Internal clock processes and the filled-duration illusion . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 33 : 716 – 729 .
   Google Scholar
• Wearden , J. H. , Philpott , K. and Win , T. 1999 . Speeding up and ( … relatively …) slowing down an internal clock in humans . Behavioural Processes , 46 : 63 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittman , M. and van Wassenhove , V. 2009 . The experience of time: Neural mechanisms and the interplay of emotion, cognition and embodiment . Journal of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Biological Sciences) , 364 : 1809 – 1813 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , T. T. , Menon , V. , Eliez , S. , Blasey , C. , White , C. D. Reid , A. J. 2002 . Amygdalar activation associated with positive and negative facial expressions . NeuroReport , 13 : 1737 – 1741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakay , D. and Block , R. A. 1997 . Temporal cognition . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 6 : 12 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zélanti , P. and Droit-Volet , S. 2011 . Cognitive abilities explaining age-related changes in time perception of short and long durations . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 109 ( 2 ) : 143 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar