Remembering the silver lining: Reappraisal and positive bias in memory for emotion

REFERENCES

• Blackwell , L. A. , Trzesniewski , K. H. and Dweck , C. S. 2007 . Theories of intelligence and achievement across the junior high school transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention . Child Development , 78 : 246 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. 1997 . You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: Consider the Brief COPE . International Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 4 : 92 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , E. , Zeltzer , L. K. , Craske , M. G. and Katz , E. R. 1999 . Alteration of memory in the reduction of children's distress during repeated aversive medical procedures . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 67 : 481 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson , S. Å. and Safer , M. A. 1996 . “ Emotional events and emotions in autobiographical memories ” . In Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory , Edited by: Rubin , D. C. 218 – 243 . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , H. A. , DiStefano , C. and Schutz , P. A. 2008 . College students’ patterns of appraisal and emotion regulation during test taking . Journal of Educational Psychology , 100 : 942 – 960 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. , & Sorich , L. A. 1999 . Mastery-oriented thinking . In: C. R. Snyder , Coping: The psychology of what works pp. 232 – 251 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ehring , T. , Tuschen-Caffier , B. , Schnülle , J. , Fischer , S. and Gross , J. J. 2010 . Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression. Spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal . Emotion , 10 : 563 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman , S. and Lazarus , R. S. 1985 . If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 150 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman , S. , Lazarus , R. S. , Dunkel-Schetter , C. , DeLongis , A. and Gruen , R. J. 1986 . Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 992 – 1003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. and Joiner , T. 2002 . Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being . Psychological Science , 13 : 172 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions , Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. 1998 . Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 224 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. and John , O. P. 2003 . Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships and well-being . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 348 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. and Levenson , R. W. 1997 . Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 95 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , A. F. 2009 . Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium . Communication Monographs , 76 : 408 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmberg , D. and Holmes , J. G. 1994 . “ Reconstruction of relationship memories: A mental models approach ” . In Autobiographical memory and the validity of retrospective reports , Edited by: Schwarz , N. and Sudman , S. 267 – 288 . New York , NY : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• John , O. P. and Gross , J. J. 2004 . Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and lifespan development . Journal of Personality , 72 : 1301 – 1334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , L. J. 1997 . Reconstructing memory for emotions . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 126 : 165 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , L. J. , Lench , H. C. and Safer , M. A. 2009 . Functions of remembering and misremembering emotion . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 23 : 1059 – 1075 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , L. J. , Prohaska , V. , Burgess , S. L. , Rice , J. A. and Laulhere , T. M. 2001 . Remembering past emotions: The role of current appraisals . Cognition and Emotion , 15 : 393 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , L. J. and Safer , M. A. 2002 . Sources of bias in memory for emotions . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 11 : 169 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , L. J. , Stein , N. L. and Liwag , M. D. 1999 . Remembering children's emotions: Sources of concordance and discordance between parents and children . Developmental Psychology , 35 : 790 – 801 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , G. 1999 . Because it is there: The challenge of mountaineering … for utility theory . Kyklos , 52 : 315 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , G. and Schkade , D. 1999 . “ Wouldn't it be nice? Predicting future feelings ” . In Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology , Edited by: Kahneman , D. , Diener , E. and Schwarz , N. 85 – 105 . New York , NY : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Oatley , K. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1987 . Towards a cognitive theory of emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 29 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Preacher , K. J. and Hayes , A. F. 2008 . Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models . Behavior Research Methods , 40 : 879 – 891 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , R. D. , McRae , K. , Ochsner , K. N. and Gross , J. J. 2010 . Cognitive reappraisal of negative affect: Converging evidence from EMG and self-report . Emotion , 10 : 587 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redelmeier , D. A. , Katz , J. and Kahneman , D. 2003 . Memories of colonoscopy: A randomized trial . Pain , 104 : 187 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , J. M. and Gross , J. J. 1999 . Composure at any cost? The cognitive consequences of emotion suppression . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 25 : 1033 – 1044 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , J. M. and Gross , J. J. 2006 . Personality and emotional memory: How regulating emotion impairs memory for emotional events . Journal of Research in Personality , 40 : 631 – 651 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , M. D. and Clore , G. L. 2002 . Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 934 – 960 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safer , M. A. , Levine , L. J. and Drapalski , A. 2002 . Distortion in memory for emotions: The contributions of personality and post-event knowledge . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 : 1495 – 1507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 1984 . “ On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach ” . In Approaches to emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. and Ekman , P. E. 293 – 317 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , S. , Tinti , C. , Levine , L. J. and Businaro , N. 2010 . The high school diploma examination: Relations among appraisals, emotions, and coping . Rassegna di Psicologia [Review of Psychology] , 27 : 79 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , S. , Tinti , C. , Levine , L. and Testa , S. 2010 . Appraisals, emotions and emotion regulation: An integrative approach . Motivation and Emotion , 34 : 63 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvia , P. J. 2008 . Interest, the curious emotion . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 17 : 57 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Ellsworth , P. C. 1987 . Patterns of appraisal and emotion related to taking an exam . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 475 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Lazarus , R. S. 1993 . Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 233 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel , M. E. 1982 . “ Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models ” . In Sociological methodology 1982 , Edited by: Leinhart , S. 290 – 312 . San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , N. L. and Levine , L. J. 1987 . “ Thinking about feelings: The development and organization of emotional knowledge ” . In Aptitude, learning, and instruction: Vol. 3. Cognition, conation and affect , Edited by: Snow , R. E. and Farr , M. 165 – 197 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Troy , A. S. , Wilhelm , F. H. , Shallcross , A. J. and Mauss , I. B. 2010 . Seeing the silver lining: Cognitive reappraisal ability moderates the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms . Emotion , 10 : 783 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirtz , D. , Kruger , J. , Scollon , C. N. and Diener , E. 2003 . What to do on spring break? The role of predicted, on-line, and remembered experience in future choice . Psychological Science , 14 : 520 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar