Is believing seeing? The role of emotion-related beliefs in selective attention to affective cues

REFERENCES

• Ajzen , I. 2005 . Attitudes, personality and behavior , 2nd ed.) , New York , NY : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Alpers , G. W. and Pauli , P. 2006 . Emotional pictures predominate in binocular rivalry . COGNITION AND EMOTION , 20 : 596 – 607 . doi: 10.1080/02699930500282249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpers , G. W., Ruhleder , M. , Walz , N. , Mühlberger , A. , & Pauli , P. 2005 . Binocular rivalry between emotional and neutral stimuli: A validation using fear conditioning and EEG . International Journal of Psychophysiology 57 , 25 – 32 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. 2006 . The influence of a sense of time on human development . Science , 312 : 1913 – 1915 . doi: 10.1126/science.1127488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowne , D. P. and Marlowe , D. 1960 . A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 24 : 349 – 354 . doi: 10.1037/h0047358
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Derryberry , D. and Reed , M. A. 2002 . Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 111 : 225 – 236 . doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch , J. A. and Deutsch , D. 1963 . Attention: Some theoretical considerations . Psychological Review , 70 : 80 – 90 . doi: 10.1037/h0039515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunsmore , J. C. , Her , P. , Halberstadt , A. G. and Perez-Rivera , M. B. 2009 . Parents’ beliefs about emotions and children's recognition of parents’ emotions . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 33 : 121 – 140 . doi: 10.1007/s10919-008-0066-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egloff , B. and Hock , M. 1997 . A comparison of two approaches to the assessment of coping styles . Personality and Individual Differences , 23 : 913 – 916 . doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00102-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , P. C. and Scherer , K. R. 2003 . “ Appraisal processes in emotion ” . In Handbook of affective sciences , Edited by: Davidson , R. J. , Scherer , K. R. and Goldsmith , H. H. 572 – 595 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Equinox Corporation . (n.d) .. Human Identification at a Distance Database . (Retrieved 28 July 2007 from: http://www.equinoxsensors.com/products/HID.html )
   Google Scholar
• Fox , E. , Russo , R. , Bowles , R. and Dutton , K. 2001 . Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 130 : 681 – 700 . doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , E. , Russo , R. and Dutton , K. 2002 . Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces . COGNITION AND EMOTION , 16 : 355 – 379 . doi: 10.1080/02699930143000527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnefski , N. , Kraaij , V. and Spinhoven , P. 2001 . Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, and emotional problems . Personality and Individual Differences , 30 : 1311 – 1327 . doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. and John , O. P. 2003 . Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 348 – 362 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. and Thompson , R. A. 2007 . “ Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations ” . In Handbook of emotion regulation , Edited by: Gross , J. J. 3 – 24 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Halberstadt , A. G. , Dennis , P. A. , Craig , A. B. , Stelter , R. L. , & McNeil , S. N. 2009 , April . Parents’ beliefs: Relationships with parents’ and children's emotional competence in the family . In B. Holmes & F. Jellesma (Chairs) , Emotional Intelligence and the Parent–Child Relationship . Symposium presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development , Denver , CO .
   Google Scholar
• Halberstadt , A. G. , Dunsmore , J. C. , Parker , A. E. , Beale , K. R. , Thompson , J. A. & Bryant , A. Jr. 2008 . Parents’ beliefs about children's emotions . Unpublished questionnaire .
   Google Scholar
• Halberstadt , A. G. , Thompson , J. A. , Parker , A. E. and Dunsmore , J. C. 2008 . Parents' emotion-related beliefs and behaviours in relation to children's coping with the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks . Infant and Child Development , 17 : 557 – 580 . doi: 10.1002/icd.569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt , M. A. , Thomas , K. S. , Epstein , D. R. and Dirksen , S. R. 2009 . Coping style and sleep quality in men with cancer . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 37 : 88 – 93 . doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9079-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis , B. 2004 . DirectRT [computer software] . New York , NY : Empirisoft Corp .
   Google Scholar
• Koster , E. H. W. , Crombez , G. , Verschuere , B. and De Houwer , J. 2004 . Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm: Differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 42 : 1183 – 1192 . doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krohne , H. W. 2003 . “ Individual differences in emotional reactions and coping ” . In Handbook of affective sciences , Edited by: Davidson , J. , Scherer , K. R. and Goldsmith , H. H. 698 – 725 . Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martinez , A. M. , & Benavente , R. 1998 . The AR Face Database (CVC Technical Report #24). (Retrieved 8 July 2007 from: http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~aleix/aleix_face_DB.html )
   Google Scholar
• Mather , M. and Carstensen , L. L. 2003 . Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces . Psychological Science , 14 : 409 – 415 . doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.01455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews , A. , Fox , E. , Yiend , J. and Calder , A. 2003 . The face of fear: Effects of eye gaze and emotion on visual attention . Visual Cognition , 10 : 823 – 835 . doi: 10.1080/13506280344000095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matton Images . (n.d) .. Matton Images Database . (Retrieved 10 January 2008 from: http://www.mattonimages.co.uk/ )
   Google Scholar
• Minear , M. and Park , D. C. 2004 . A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers , 36 : 630 – 633 . doi: 10.3758/BF03206543
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Öhman , A. 1997 . “ A fast blink of the eye: Evolutionary preparedness for preattentive processing of threat ” . In Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processing , Edited by: Lang , P. J. , Simons , R. F. and Balaban , M. T. 165 – 184 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. , Esteves , F. and Soares , J. J. F. 1995 . Preparedness and preattentive associative learning: Electrodermal conditioning to masked stimuli . Journal of Psychophysiology , 9 : 99 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overall , J. E. and Woodward , J. A. 1975 . Unreliability of difference scores: A paradox for measurement of change . Psychological Bulletin , 82 : 85 – 86 . doi: 10.1037/h0076158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Rivera , M. B. and Dunsmore , J. C. 2011 . Mothers’ acculturation and beliefs about emotions, mother–child emotion discourse, and children's emotion understanding in Latino families . Early Education & Development , 22 : 324 – 354 . doi: 10.1080/10409281003702000
   Google Scholar
• Pessoa , L. , McKenna , M. , Gutierrez , E. and Ungerleider , L. G. 2002 . Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 99 : 11458 – 11463 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.172403899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. and Petersen , S. E. 1990 . The attention system of the human brain . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 13 : 25 – 42 . doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth , S. and Cohen , L. J. 1986 . Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress . American Psychologist , 41 : 813 – 819 . doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.41.7.813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Lazarus , R. S. 1990 . “ Emotion and adaptation ” . In Handbook of personality: Theory and research , Edited by: Pervin , L. A. 609 – 637 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. , Lushene , P. R. , Vagg , P. R. and Jacobs , A. G. 1983 . Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) , Palo Alto , CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stelter , R. L. and Halberstadt , A. G. 2011 . Children's feelings of security as affected by parental beliefs about children's emotions and parental stress . Infant and Child Development , 20 : 272 – 287 . doi: 10.1002/icd.693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollman , M. W. , LaMontagne , L. L. and Hepworth , J. T. 2007 . Coping and depressive symptoms in adults living with heart failure . Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing , 22 : 125 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , D. , Clark , L. A. and Tellegen , A. 1988 . Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 1063 – 1070 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. M. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1997 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , 2nd ed.) , Chichester , , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , M. S. , McElwain , N. L. and Halberstadt , A. G. 2009 . Parent, family, and child characteristics: Associations with mother- and father-reported emotion socialization practices . Journal of Family Psychology , 23 : 452 – 463 . doi: 10.1037/a0015552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiend , J. and Mathews , A. 2001 . Anxiety and attention to threatening pictures . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 54A : 665 – 681 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar