Negative affect promotes encoding of and memory for details at the expense of the gist: Affect, encoding, and false memories

REFERENCES

• Anderson , J. R. 1976 . Language, memory, and thoughts , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Arndt , J. and Reder , L. 2003 . The effect of distinctive visual information on false recognition . Journal of Memory & Language , 48 : 1 – 15 . doi: 10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00518-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann , N. and Kuhl , J. 2002 . Intuition, affect, and personality: Unconscious coherence judgments and self-regulation of negative affect . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 83 : 1213 – 1223 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bless , H. 2001 . “ The relation between mood and the use of general knowledge structures ” . In Mood and social cognition: Contrasting theories , Edited by: Martin , L. L. and Clore , G. L. 9 – 29 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Bless , H. , Bohner , G. , Schwarz , N. and Strack , F. 1990 . Mood and persuasion: A cognitive response analysis . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 16 : 331 – 345 . doi: 10.1177/0146167290162013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bless , H. , Clore , G. L. , Schwarz , N. , Golisano , V. , Rabe , C. and Wolk , M. 1996 . Mood and the use of scripts: Does a happy mood really lead to mindlessness? . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 71 : 665 – 679 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.4.665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bless , H. and Schwarz , N. 1999 . “ Sufficient and necessary conditions in dual-process models. The case of mood and information processing ” . In Dual-process theories in social psychology , Edited by: Chaiken , S. and Trope , Y. 423 – 440 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bocanegra , B. and Zeelenberg , R. 2009 . Emotion improves and impairs early vision . Psychological Science , 20 : 707 – 713 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02354.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolte , A. , Goschke , T. and Kuhl , J. 2003 . Emotion and intuition: Effects of positive and negative mood on implicit judgments of semantic coherence . Psychological Science , 14 : 416 – 421 . doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.01456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainerd , C. , Payne , D. , Wright , R. and Reyna , V. 2003 . Phantom recall . Journal of Memory and Language , 48 : 445 – 467 . doi: 10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00501-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainerd , C. and Reyna , V. 1998 . When things that never happened are easier to “remember” than things that did . Psychological Science , 9 : 484 – 489 . doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainerd , C. and Reyna , V. 2002 . Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 11 : 164 – 169 . doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainerd , C. , Reyna , V. and Ceci , S. 2008 . Developmental reversals in false memory: A review of data and theory . Psychological Bulletin , 134 : 343 – 385 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainerd , C. , Wright , R. , Reyna , V. and Payne , D. 2002 . Dual retrieval processes in free and associative recall . Journal of Memory and Language , 46 : 120 – 152 . doi: 10.1006/jmla.2001.2796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clore , G. L. , Gasper , K. and Garvin , E. 2001 . “ Affect as information ” . In Handbook of affect and social cognition , Edited by: Forgas , J. P. 121 – 144 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Clore , G. L. and Huntsinger , J. 2007 . How emotions inform judgment and regulate thought . Trends in Cognitive Science , 11 : 393 – 399 . doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clore , G. L. and Palmer , J. 2009 . Affective guidance of intelligent agents: How emotion controls cognition . Cognitive Systems Research , 10 : 21 – 30 . doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2008.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clore , G. L. , Wyer , R. S. , Dienes , B. , Gasper , K. , Gohm , C. and Isbell , L. 2001 . “ Affective feelings as feedback: Some cognitive consequences ” . In Theories of mood and cognition: A user's guidebook , Edited by: Martin , L. L. and Clore , G. L. 27 – 62 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Corson , Y. 2002 . Effects of positive, negative, and neutral moods on associative and semantic priming . Current Psychology of Cognition , 21 : 33 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Corson , Y. and Verrier , N. 2007 . Emotions and false memories: Valence or arousal? . Psychological Science , 18 : 208 – 211 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01874.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener , E. and Diener , C. 1996 . Most people are happy . Psychological Science , 7 : 181 – 185 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00354.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson , C. and Schacter , D. 2001 . “If I had said it I would have remembered it”: Reducing false memories with a distinctiveness heuristic . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 8 : 155 – 161 . doi: 10.3758/BF03196152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson , C. and Schacter , D. 2002 . When false recognition meets metacognition: The distinctiveness heuristic . Journal of Memory and Language , 46 : 782 – 803 . doi: 10.1006/jmla.2001.2822
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einstein , G. and Hunt , R. 1980 . Levels of processing and organization: Additive effects of individual-item and relational processing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 6 : 588 – 598 . doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.6.5.588
   Google Scholar
• Fiedler , K. 2001 . “ Affective states trigger processes of assimilation and accommodation ” . In Theories of mood and cognition: A user's guidebook , Edited by: Martin , L. and Clore , G. 86 – 98 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. 2001 . Emotional modulation of cognitive control: Approach–Withdrawal states double-dissociate spatial from verbal two-back task performance . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 130 : 436 – 452 . doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. , Braver , T. and Raichle , M. 2002 . Integration of emotion and cognition in the lateral prefrontal cortex . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 99 : 4115 – 4120 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.062381899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock , T. , Hicks , J. , Marsh , R. and Ritschel , L. 2003 . Measuring the activation level of critical lures in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm . American Journal of Psychology , 116 : 1 – 14 . doi: 10.2307/1423332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanze , M. and Hesse , F. 1993 . Emotional influences on semantic priming . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 195 – 205 . doi: 10.1080/02699939308409184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hege , A. C. G. and Dodson , C. S. 2004 . Why distinctive information reduces false memories: Evidence for both impoverished relational-encoding and distinctiveness heuristic accounts . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory Cognition , 30 : 787 – 795 . doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.30.4.787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , R. and McDaniel , M. 1993 . The enigma of organization and distinctiveness . Journal of Memory & Language , 32 : 421 – 445 . doi: 10.1006/jmla.1993.1023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntsinger , J. , Clore , G. and Bar-Anan , Y. 2010 . Mood and global-local focus: Priming a local focus reverses the link between mood and global-local processing . Emotion , 10 : 722 – 726 . doi: 10.1037/a0019356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isen , A. , Daubman , K. A. and Nowicki , G. P. 1987 . Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 1122 – 1131 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isen , A. , Johnson , M. , Mertz , E. and Robinson , G. 1985 . The influence of positive affect on the unusualness of word associations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 1413 – 1426 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel , L. and Schacter , D. 1997 . Pictorial encoding reduces false recognition of semantic associates . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 4 : 577 – 581 . doi: 10.3758/BF03214352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. , Hashtroudi , S. and Lindsay , D. 1993 . Source monitoring . Psychological Bulletin , 114 : 3 – 28 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , P. 1995 . The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention . American Psychologist , 50 : 372 – 385 . doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , P. , Bradley , M. and Cuthbert , B. 1999 . International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings , Gainesville , FL : The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. 1991 . Cognition and motivation in emotion . American Psychologist , 46 : 352 – 367 . doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDoux , J. E. 1995 . In search of an emotional system in the brain: Leaping from fear to emotion and consciousness . In M. S. Gazzaniga , The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 1049 – 1061 ). Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• LeDoux , J. E. 1996 . The emotional brain , New York , NY : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Marsh , E. , McDermott , K. and Roediger , H. 2004 . Does test-induced priming play a role in the creation of false memories? . Memory , 12 : 44 – 55 . doi: 10.1080/09658210244000405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott , K. and Roediger , H. 1998 . Attempting to avoid illusory memories: Robust false recognition of associates persists under conditions of explicit warnings and immediate testing . Journal of Memory and Language , 39 : 508 – 520 . doi: 10.1006/jmla.1998.2582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott , K. and Watson , J. 2001 . The rise and fall of false recall: The impact of presentation duration . Journal of Memory and Language , 45 : 160 – 176 . doi: 10.1006/jmla.2000.2771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neely , J. 1991 . “ Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories ” . In Basic processing in reading: Visual word recognition , Edited by: Besner , D. and Humphreys , G. 264 – 336 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. 1976 . Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology , San Francisco , CA : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , D. , McGivney , V. , Gene , N. and Janczura , G. 1998 . Interpreting the influence of implicitly activated memories on recall and recognition . Psychological Review , 105 : 299 – 324 . doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedenthal , P. M. and Setterlund , M. 1994 . Emotion congruence in perception . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 20 : 401 – 411 . doi: 10.1177/0146167294204007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps , E. 2005 . “ The interaction of emotion and cognition: The relation between the human amygdala and cognitive awareness ” . In The new unconscious , Edited by: Hassin , R. , Uleman , J. and Bargh , J. 61 – 76 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Phelps , E. , Ling , S. and Carrasco , M. 2006 . Emotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefits of attention . Psychological Science , 17 : 293 – 299 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01701.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyna , V. and Lloyd , F. 1997 . Theories of false memory in children and adults . Learning and Individual Differences , 9 : 95 – 213 . doi: 10.1016/S1041-6080(97)90002-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger , H. , Balota , D. , & Watson , J. 2001 . Spreading activation and arousal of false memories . In H. Roediger , J. Nairne , I. Neath , & A. Surprenant , The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder. Science conference series (pp. 95 – 115 ). Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Roediger , H. and McDermott , K. 1995 . Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory Cognition , 21 : 803 – 814 . doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger , H. and McDermott , K. 1999 . False alarms about false memories . Psychological Review , 106 : 406 – 410 . doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.2.406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger , H. , Watson , J. , McDermott , K. and Gallo , D. 2001 . Factors that determine false recall: A multiple regression analysis . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 8 : 385 – 407 . doi: 10.3758/BF03196177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolls , E. T. 1999 . The brain and emotion , Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ruder , M. and Bless , N. 2003 . Mood and the reliance on the ease of retrieval heuristic . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 20 – 32 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , N. 2002 . “ Situated cognition and the wisdom of feelings: Cognitive tuning ” . In The wisdom in feelings , Edited by: Feldman Barrett , L. and Salovey , P. 144 – 166 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz , N. and Clore , G. L. 2007 . “ Feelings and phenomenal experiences ” . In Social psychology. A handbook of basic principles , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Higgins , E. T. and Kruglanski , A. 385 – 407 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shiffrin , R. 2003 . Modeling memory and perception . Cognitive Science , 27 : 341 – 378 . doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog2703_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , H. 1967 . Motivational and emotional controls of cognition . Psychological Review , 74 : 29 – 39 . doi: 10.1037/h0024127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snodgrass , J. and Corwin , J. 1988 . Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 117 : 34 – 50 . doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.117.1.34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolz , J. and Besner , D. 1998 . Levels of representation in visual word recognition: A dissociation between morphological and semantic processing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 24 : 1642 – 1655 . doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.24.6.1642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storbeck , J. 2012 . Performance costs when emotion tunes inappropriate cognitive abilities: Implications for mental resources and behavior . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 141 : 411 – 416 . doi: 10.1037/a0026322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storbeck , J. and Clore , G. L. 2005 . With sadness come accuracy, with happiness, false memory: Mood and the false memory effect . Psychological Science , 16 : 785 – 791 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01615.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storbeck , J. and Clore , G. L. 2008 . The affective regulation of cognitive priming . Emotion , 8 : 208 – 215 . doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storbeck , J. and Clore , G. L. 2011 . Affect influences false memories at encoding: Evidence from recognition data . Emotion , 11 : 981 – 989 . doi: 10.1037/a0022754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeulen , N. , Corneille , O. and Luminet , O. 2007 . A mood moderation of the extrinsic affective Simon task . European Journal of Personality , 21 : 359 – 369 . doi: 10.1002/per.621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wixted , J. and Stretch , V. 2000 . The case against a criterion-shift account of false memory . Psychological Review , 107 : 368 – 376 . doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar