5,156
Views
143
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REGULAR ARTICLES

Are emotion impairments unique to, universal, or specific in autism spectrum disorder? A comprehensive review

, &
Pages 1042-1061 | Received 09 May 2012, Accepted 21 Dec 2012, Published online: 06 Feb 2013

REFERENCES

  • Adolphs , R. 2003 . Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 4 ( 3 ) : 165 – 178 . doi: 10.1038/nrn1056
  • Allen , R. , Davis , R. , & Hill , E. 2013 . The effects of autism and alexithymia on physiological and verbal responsiveness to music . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 43 2 , 432 – 444 doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1587-8
  • American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR , 4th ed. text rev . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Publishing .
  • Anderson , C. and Colombo , J. 2009 . Larger tonic pupil size in young children with autism spectrum disorder . Developmental Psychobiology , 51 ( 2 ) : 207 – 211 . doi: 10.1002/dev.20352
  • Anderson , C. , Colombo , J. and Shaddy , D. 2006 . Visual scanning and pupillary responses in young children with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 28 ( 7 ) : 1238 – 1256 . doi: 10.1080/13803390500376790
  • Ashwin , C. , Baron-Cohen , S. , Wheelwright , S. , O'Riordan , M. and Bullmore , E. 2007 . Differential activation of the amygdala and the “social brain” during fearful face-processing in Asperger syndrome . Neuropsychologia , 45 ( 1 ) : 2 – 14 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.014
  • Attwood , A. , Frith , U. and Hermelin , B. 1988 . The understanding and use of interpersonal gestures by autistic and Down's syndrome children . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 18 ( 2 ) : 241 – 257 . doi: 10.1007/BF02211950
  • Back , E. , Ropar , D. and Mitchell , P. 2007 . Do the eyes have it? Inferring mental states from animated faces in autism . Child Development , 78 ( 2 ) : 397 – 411 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01005.x
  • Baker , K. , Montgomery , A. and Abramson , R. 2009 . Brief report: Perception and lateralization of spoken emotion by youths with high-functioning forms of autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 40 ( 1 ) : 123 – 129 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0841-1
  • Bal , E. , Harden , E. , Lamb , D. , Van Hecke , A. , Denver , J. and Porges , S. 2010 . Emotion recognition in children with autism spectrum disorders: Relations to eye gaze and autonomic state . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 40 ( 3 ) : 358 – 370 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0884-3
  • Baron-Cohen , S. 1988 . Social and pragmatic deficits in autism: Cognitive or affective? . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 18 ( 3 ) : 379 – 402 . doi: 10.1007/BF02212194
  • Baron-Cohen , S. , Ring , H. , Wheelwright , S. , Bullmore , E. , Brammer , M. , Simmons , A. and Williams , S. 1999 . Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study . European Journal of Neuroscience , 11 ( 6 ) : 1891 – 1898 . doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00621.x
  • Baron-Cohen , S. and Wheelwright , S. 2004 . The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 34 ( 2 ) : 163 – 175 . doi: 10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00
  • Baron-Cohen , S. , Wheelwright , S. , Hill , J. , Raste , Y. and Plumb , I. 2001 . The “reading the mind in the eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 42 ( 2 ) : 241 – 251 . doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00715
  • Baron-Cohen , S. , Wheelwright , S. and Jolliffe , T. 1997 . Is there a “language of the eyes'? Evidence from normal adults, and adults with autism or Asperger syndrome . Visual Cognition , 4 ( 3 ) : 311 – 331 . doi: 10.1080/713756761
  • Beall , P. , Moody , E. , McIntosh , D. , Hepburn , S. and Reed , C. 2008 . Rapid facial reactions to emotional facial expressions in typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 101 : 206 – 223 . doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2008.04.004
  • Bhatara , A. , Quintin , E. , Levy , B. , Bellugi , U. , Fombonne , E. and Levitin , D. 2010 . Perception of emotion in musical performance in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders . Autism Research , 3 ( 5 ) : 214 – 225 . doi: 10.1002/aur.147
  • Bird , G. , Silani , G. , Brindley , R. , White , S. , Frith , U. and Singer , T. 2010 . Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism . Brain , 133 ( 5 ) : 1515 – 1525 . doi: 10.1093/brain/awq060
  • Bishop , S. , Gahagan , S. and Lord , C. 2007 . Re-examining the core features of autism: A comparison of autism spectrum disorder and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 ( 11 ) : 1111 – 1121 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01782.x
  • Blair , R. 1999 . Psychophysiological responsiveness to the distress of others in children with autism . Personality and Individual Differences , 26 3 , 477 – 485 doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00154-8
  • Bölte , S. and Poustka , F. 2003 . The recognition of facial affect in autistic and schizophrenic subjects and their first-degree relatives . Psychological Medicine , 33 ( 5 ) : 907 – 915 . doi: 10.1017/S0033291703007438
  • Boraston , Z. , Blakemore , S. , Chilvers , R. and Skuse , D. 2007 . Impaired sadness recognition is linked to social interaction deficit in autism . Neuropsychologia , 45 ( 7 ) : 1501 – 1510 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.010
  • Bowman , S. , Hinkley , L. , Barnes , J. , & Lindsay , R. 2004 . Gaze aversion and the primacy of emotional dysfunction in autism . In Gorayska B. & Mey J. , Cognition and technology (pp. 267 – 301 ). Amsterdam : John Benjamins .
  • Bradley , M. , Miccoli , L. , Escrig , M. and Lang , P. 2008 . The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation . Psychophysiology , 45 : 602 – 607 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00654.x
  • Buitelaar , J. K. , van der Wees , M. , Swaab-Barneveld , H. and van der Gaag , R. 1999 . Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children . Development and Psychopathology , 11 ( 1 ) : 39 – 58 . doi: 10.1017/S0954579499001947
  • Charman , T. , Swettenham , J. , Baron-Cohen , S. , Cox , A. , Baird , G. and Drew , A. 1997 . Infants with autism: An investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention, and imitation . Developmental Psychology , 33 ( 5 ) : 781 – 789 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.33.5.781
  • Cheng , Y. , Lee , S. , Chen , H. , Wang , P. , & Decety , J. 2012 . Voice and emotion processing in the human neonatal brain . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 24 6 , 1411 – 1419 doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00214
  • Clifford , S. and Dissanayake , C. 2009 . Dyadic and triadic behaviours in infancy as precursors to later social responsiveness in young children with autistic disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 39 ( 10 ) : 1369 – 1380 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0748-x
  • Corona , R. , Dissanayake , C. , Arbelle , S. , Wellington , P. and Sigman , M. 1998 . Is affect aversive to young children with autism? Behavioral and cardiac responses to experimenter distress . Child Development , 69 ( 6 ) : 1494 – 1502 .
  • Critchley , H. 2005 . Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration . The Journal of Comparative Neurology , 493 ( 1 ) : 154 – 166 . doi: 10.1002/cne.20749
  • Critchley , H. , Daly , E. , Bullmore , E. , Williams , S. , Van Amelsvoort , T. , Robertson , D. , … Rowe , A. 2000 . The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour . Brain , 123 ( 11 ), 2203 – 2212 doi: 10.1093/brain/123.11.2203
  • Dalton , K. , Nacewicz , B. , Johnstone , T. , Schaefer , H. , Gernsbacher , M. , Goldsmith , H. and Alexander , A. 2005 . Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism . Nature Neuroscience , 8 ( 4 ) : 519 – 526 .
  • Dapretto , M. , Davies , M. , Pfeifer , J. , Scott , A. , Sigman , M. , Bookheimer , S. and Iacoboni , M. 2006 . Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders . Nature Neuroscience , 9 ( 1 ) : 28 – 30 . doi: 10.1038/nn1611
  • Darwin , C. 1872 . The expression of emotion in man and animals , London : John Murray .
  • Dawson , G. and Bernier , R. 2007 . “ Development of social brain circuitry in autism ” . In Human behavior, learning, and the developing brain: Atypical development , Edited by: Coch , D. , Dawson , G. and Fischer , E. 28 – 55 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
  • Dawson , G. , Webb , S. , Carver , L. , Panagiotides , H. and McPartland , J. 2004 . Young children with autism show atypical brain responses to fearful versus neutral facial expressions of emotion . Developmental Science , 7 ( 3 ) : 340 – 359 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00352.x
  • Dawson , G. , Webb , S. and McPartland , J. 2005 . Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies . Developmental Neuropsychology , 27 ( 3 ) : 403 – 424 . doi: 10.1207/s15326942dn2703_6
  • Decety , J. and Moriguchi , Y. 2007 . The empathic brain and its dysfunction in psychiatric populations: Implications for intervention across different clinical conditions . BioPsychoSocial Medicine , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 – 21 . doi: 10.1186/1751-0759-1-22
  • Demurie , E. , De Corel , M. and Roeyers , H. 2011 . Empathic accuracy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders , 5 ( 1 ) : 126 – 134 . doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.03.002
  • Deruelle , C. , Rondan , C. , Salle-Collemiche , X. , Bastard-Rosset , D. and Da Fonséca , D. 2008 . Attention to low-and high-spatial frequencies in categorizing facial identities, emotions and gender in children with autism . Brain and Cognition , 66 ( 2 ) : 115 – 123 . doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2007.06.001
  • Dissanayake , C. , Newbigin , A. , & Chandler , C. 2011 . Emotion understanding and empathic responsiveness in high-functioning children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) . Paper presented at the International Meeting for Autism Research , San Diego , CA .
  • Dykens , E. , & Lense , M. 2011 . Intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder: A cautionary note . In D. Amaral , G. Dawson , & D. Geschwind (Eds.), Autism spectrum disorders (pp. 263 – 269 ). Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Eigsti , I. , Schuh , J. , Mencl , E. , Schultz , R. , & Paul , R. 2012 . The neural underpinnings of prosody in autism . Child Neuropsychology , 18 6 , 600 – 617 doi: 10.1080/09297049.2011.639757
  • Falck-Ytter , T. 2008 . Face inversion effects in autism: A combined looking time and pupillometric study . Autism Research , 1 ( 5 ) : 297 – 306 . doi: 10.1002/aur.45
  • Fein , D. , Lueci , D. , Braverman , M. and Waterhouse , L. 1992 . Comprehension of affect in context in children with pervasive developmental disorders . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 33 ( 7 ) : 1157 – 1162 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00935.x
  • Freitag , C. , Kleser , C. , Schneider , M. and von Gontard , A. 2007 . Quantitative assessment of neuromotor function in adolescents with high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 37 ( 5 ) : 948 – 959 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0235-6
  • Gallese , V. 2003 . The roots of empathy: The shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity . Psychopathology , 36 ( 4 ) : 171 – 180 . doi: 10.1159/000072786
  • Gallese , V. 2006 . Intentional attunement: A neurophysiological perspective on social cognition and its disruption in autism . Brain Research , 1079 ( 1 ) : 15 – 24 . doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.054
  • Gaigg , S. and Bowler , D. 2008 . Free recall and forgetting of emotionally arousing words in autism spectrum disorder . Neuropsychologia , 46 ( 9 ) : 2336 – 2343 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.008
  • Gaigg , S. and Bowler , D. 2009 . Illusory memories of emotionally charged words in autism spectrum disorder: Further evidence for atypical emotion processing outside the social domain . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 39 ( 7 ) : 1031 – 1038 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0710-y
  • Gepner , B. , de Gelder , B. and de Schonen , S. 1996 . Face processing in autistics: Evidence for a generalised deficit? . Child Neuropsychology , 2 ( 2 ) : 123 – 139 . doi: 10.1080/09297049608401357
  • Golan , O. , Baron-Cohen , S. and Hill , J. 2006 . The Cambridge Mindreading (CAM) Face–Voice Battery: Testing complex emotion recognition in adults with and without Asperger syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 36 ( 2 ) : 169 – 183 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-005-0057-y
  • Golan , O. , Baron-Cohen , S. , Hill , J. and Rutherford , M. 2007 . The “reading the mind in the voice” test – revised: A study of complex emotion recognition in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 37 ( 6 ) : 1096 – 1106 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0252-5
  • Green , H. and Tobin , Y. 2009 . Prosodic analysis is difficult … but worth it: A study in high functioning autism . International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology , 11 ( 4 ) : 308 – 315 . doi: 10.1080/17549500903003060
  • Greimel , E. , Schulte-Rüther , M. , Kircher , T. , Kamp-Becker , I. , Remschmidt , H. , Fink , G. and Herpertz-Dahlmann , B. 2010 . Neural mechanisms of empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and their fathers . NeuroImage , 49 ( 1 ) : 1055 – 1065 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.057
  • Grèzes , J. , Wicker , B. , Berthoz , S. and de Gelder , B. 2009 . A failure to grasp the affective meaning of actions in autism spectrum disorder subjects . Neuropsychologia , 47 ( 8–9 ) : 1816 – 1825 .
  • Gross , T. 2004 . The perception of four basic emotions in human and nonhuman faces by children with autism and other developmental disabilities . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 32 ( 5 ) : 469 – 480 . doi: 10.1023/B:JACP.0000037777.17698.01
  • Gross , T. 2008 . Recognition of immaturity and emotional expressions in blended faces by children with autism and other developmental disabilities . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 38 ( 2 ) : 297 – 311 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-007-0391-3
  • Hadjikhani , N. , Joseph , R. , Manoach , D. , Naik , P. , Snyder , J. , Dominick , K. and Hoge , R. 2009 . Body expressions of emotion do not trigger fear contagion in autism spectrum disorder . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience , 4 ( 1 ) : 70 – 78 . doi: 10.1093/scan/nsn038
  • Hall , G. , Szechtman , H. and Nahmias , C. 2003 . Enhanced salience and emotion recognition in autism: A PET study . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 ( 8 ) : 1439 – 1441 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1439
  • Happé , F. and Frith , U. 2006 . The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 36 ( 1 ) : 5 – 25 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0
  • Harms , M. , Martin , A. and Wallace , G. 2010 . Facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral and neuroimaging studies . Neuropsychology Review , 20 ( 3 ) : 290 – 322 . doi: 10.1007/s11065-010-9138-6
  • Heaton , P. , Allen , R. , Williams , K. , Cummins , O. and Happé , F. 2008 . Do social and cognitive deficits curtail musical understanding? Evidence from autism and Down syndrome . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 26 ( 2 ) : 171 – 182 . doi: 10.1348/026151007X206776
  • Heerey , E. , Keltner , D. and Capps , L. 2003 . Making sense of self-conscious emotion: Linking theory of mind and emotion in children with autism . Emotion , 3 ( 4 ) : 394 – 400 . doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.3.4.394
  • Hesling , I. , Dilharreguy , B. , Peppé , S. , Amirault , M. , Bouvard , M. and Allard , M. 2010 . The integration of prosodic speech in high functioning autism: A preliminary fMRI study . PLoS ONE , 5 ( 7 ) : 11571 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011571
  • Hillier , A. and Allinson , L. 2002 . Beyond expectations . Autism , 6 ( 3 ) : 299 – 314 . doi: 10.1177/1362361302006003007
  • Hobson , J. , Harris , R. , García-Pérez , R. and Hobson , P. 2009 . Anticipatory concern: A study in autism . Developmental Science , 12 ( 2 ) : 249 – 263 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00762.x
  • Hobson , P. 1986 . The autistic child's appraisal of expressions of emotion . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 27 ( 3 ) : 321 – 342 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb01836.x
  • Hobson , P. 1989 . Beyond cognition: A theory of autism. Autism: Nature, diagnosis, and treatment , 22 – 48 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
  • Hobson , P. 2005 . Autism and emotion . In F. Volkmar , R. Paul , A. Klin , & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology and behaviour (Vol. 1 , pp. 406 – 422 ). Hoboken , NJ : Wiley .
  • Hobson , P. , Chidambi , G. , Lee , A. and Meyer , J. 2006 . Foundations for self-awareness: An exploration through autism . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 71 ( 2 ) : vii – 166 . doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2006.00410.x
  • Hobson , P. and Lee , A. 1999 . Imitation and identification in autism . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 40 ( 4 ) : 649 – 659 . doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00481
  • Hobson , P. , Ouston , J. and Lee , A. 1988 . What's in a face? The case of autism . British Journal of Psychology , 79 ( 4 ) : 441 – 453 . doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02745.x
  • Homer , M. and Rutherford , M. 2008 . Individuals with autism can categorize facial expressions . Child Neuropsychology , 14 ( 5 ) : 419 – 437 . doi: 10.1080/09297040802291715
  • Hubert , B. , Wicker , B. , Monfardini , E. and Deruelle , C. 2009 . Electrodermal reactivity to emotion processing in adults with autistic spectrum disorders . Autism , 13 ( 1 ) : 9 – 19 . doi: 10.1177/1362361308091649
  • Hubl , D. , Bölte , S. , Feineis-Matthews , S. , Lanfermann , H. , Federspiel , A. , Strik , W. and Poustka , F. 2003 . Functional imbalance of visual pathways indicates alternative face processing strategies in autism . Neurology , 61 ( 9 ) : 1232 – 1237 . doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000091862.22033.1A
  • Hudry , K. and Slaughter , V. 2009 . Agent familiarity and emotional context influence the everyday empathic responding of young children with autism . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders , 3 ( 1 ) : 74 – 85 . doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2008.04.004
  • Hughes , C. and Dunn , J. 1998 . Understanding mind and emotion: Longitudinal associations with mental-state talk between young friends . Developmental Psychology , 34 ( 5 ) : 1026 – 1037 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.1026
  • Humphreys , K. , Minshew , N. , Leonard , G. and Behrmann , M. 2007 . A fine-grained analysis of facial expression processing in high-functioning adults with autism . Neuropsychologia , 45 ( 4 ) : 685 – 695 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.003
  • Iacoboni , M. and Mazziotta , J. 2007 . Mirror neuron system: Basic findings and clinical applications . Annals of Neurology , 62 ( 3 ) : 213 – 218 . doi: 10.1002/ana.21198
  • Izard , C. E. 1971 . The face of emotion , East Norwalk , CT : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
  • Jones , A. , Happé , F. , Gilbert , F. , Burnett , S. and Viding , E. 2010 . Feeling, caring, knowing: Different types of empathy deficit in boys with psychopathic tendencies and autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 51 ( 11 ) : 1188 – 1197 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02280.x
  • Joseph , R. 2011 . Neuroscience: Neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry, behavioral neurology, brain & mind , 4th ed , California : University Press Science Publishers .
  • Karmiloff-Smith , A. 1998 . Development itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 2 ( 10 ) : 389 – 398 . doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01230-3
  • Kasari , C. , Sigman , M. , Mundy , P. and Yirmiya , N. 1990 . Affective sharing in the context of joint attention interactions of normal, autistic, and mentally retarded children . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 20 ( 1 ) : 87 – 100 . doi: 10.1007/BF02206859
  • Kirchner , J. , Hatri , A. , Heekeren , H. and Dziobek , I. 2011 . Autistic symptomatology, face processing abilities, and eye fixation patterns . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 41 ( 2 ) : 158 – 167 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1032-9
  • Kleinhans , N. , Richards , T. , Weaver , K. , Johnson , L. , Greenson , J. , Dawson , G. and Aylward , E. 2010 . Association between amygdala response to emotional faces and social anxiety in autism spectrum disorders . Neuropsychologia , 48 ( 12 ) : 3665 – 3670 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.022
  • Kliemann , D. , Dziobek , I. , Hatri , A. , Steimke , R. and Heekeren , H. 2010 . Atypical reflexive gaze patterns on emotional faces in autism spectrum disorders . The Journal of Neuroscience , 30 ( 37 ) : 12281 – 12287 . doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0688-10.2010
  • Klin , A. , Jones , W. , Schultz , R. , Volkmar , F. and Cohen , D. 2002 . Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism . Archives of General Psychiatry , 59 ( 9 ) : 809 – 816 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.809
  • Klin , A. , Lin , D. , Gorrindo , P. , Ramsay , G. and Jones , W. 2009 . Two-year-olds with autism orient to non-social contingencies rather than biological motion . Nature , 459 ( 7244 ) : 257 – 261 . doi: 10.1038/nature07868
  • Kuchinke , L. , Schneider , D. , Kotz , S. and Jacobs , A. 2011 . Spontaneous but not explicit processing of positive sentences impaired in Asperger's syndrome: Pupillometric evidence . Neuropsychologia , 49 ( 3 ) : 331 – 338 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.026
  • Kuusikko , S. , Haapsamo , H. , Jansson-Verkasalo , E. , Hurtig , T. , Mattila , M. , Ebeling , H. and Jussila , K. 2009 . Emotion recognition in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 39 ( 6 ) : 938 – 945 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0700-0
  • Lacroix , A. , Guidetti , M. , Rogé , B. and Reilly , J. 2009 . Recognition of emotional and nonemotional facial expressions: A comparison between Williams syndrome and autism . Research in Developmental Disabilities , 30 ( 5 ) : 976 – 985 . doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2009.02.002
  • Law Smith , M. , Montagne , B. , Perrett , D. , Gill , M. and Gallagher , L. 2010 . Detecting subtle facial emotion recognition deficits in high-functioning autism using dynamic stimuli of varying intensities . Neuropsychologia , 48 ( 9 ) : 2777 – 2781 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.008
  • Legiša , J. , Messinger , D. , Kermol , E. , & Marlier , L. 2012 . Emotional responses to odors in children with high-functioning autism: Autonomic arousal, facial behavior and self-report . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 1 – 11 . Retrieved from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-012-1629-2?LI=true#page-1
  • Lemerise , E. and Arsenio , W. 2000 . An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing . Child Development , 71 ( 1 ) : 107 – 118 . doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00124
  • Lerner , M. , McPartland , J. , & Morris , J. 2013 . Multimodal emotion processing in autism spectrum disorders: An event-related potential study . Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience , 3 , 11 – 21 doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2012.08.005
  • Lindner , J. and Rosén , L. 2006 . Decoding of emotion through facial expression, prosody and verbal content in children and adolescents with Asperger's syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 36 ( 6 ) : 769 – 777 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0105-2
  • Loveland , K. , Steinberg , J. , Pearson , D. , Mansour , R. and Reddoch , S. 2008 . Judgements of auditory-visual affective congruence in adolescents with and without autism: A pilot study of a new task using fMRI . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 107 ( 2 ) : 557 – 575 . doi: 10.2466/pms.107.2.557-575
  • Loveland , K. , Tunali-Kotoski , B. , Chen , Y. , Ortegon , J. , Pearson , D. , Brelsford , K. and Gibbs , M. 1997 . Emotion recognition in autism: Verbal and nonverbal information . Development and Psychopathology , 9 ( 3 ) : 579 – 593 . doi: 10.1017/S0954579497001351
  • Loveland , K. , Tunali-Kotoski , B. , Pearson , D. , Brelsford , K. , Ortegon , J. and Chen , R. 1994 . Imitation and expression of facial affect in autism . Development and Psychopathology , 6 ( 3 ) : 433 – 444 . doi: 10.1017/S0954579400006039
  • Macdonald , H. , Rutter , M. , Howlin , P. , Rios , P. , Conteur , A. , Evered , C. and Folstein , S. 1989 . Recognition and expression of emotional cues by autistic and normal adults . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 30 ( 6 ) : 865 – 877 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00288.x
  • Maestro , S. , Muratori , F. , Cavallaro , M. , Pecini , C. , Cesari , A. , Paziente , A. and Stern , D. 2005 . How young children treat objects and people: An empirical study of the first year of life in autism . Child Psychiatry & Human Development , 35 ( 4 ) : 383 – 396 . doi: 10.1007/s10578-005-2695-x
  • Martineau , J. , Hernandez , N. , Hiebel , L. , Roché , L. , Metzger , A. and Bonnet-Brilhault , F. 2011 . Can pupil size and pupil responses during visual scanning contribute to the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in children? . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 45 ( 8 ) : 1077 – 1082 . doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.008
  • McIntosh , D. , Reichmann-Decker , A. , Winkielman , P. and Wilbarger , J. 2006 . When the social mirror breaks: Deficits in automatic, but not voluntary, mimicry of emotional facial expressions in autism . Developmental Science , 9 ( 3 ) : 295 – 302 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00492.x
  • Mottron , L. , Dawson , M. , Soulières , I. , Hubert , B. and Burack , J. 2006 . Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: An update, and eight principles of autistic perception . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 36 ( 1 ) : 27 – 43 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-005-0040-7
  • Oberman , L. and Ramachandran , V. 2007 . The simulating social mind: The role of the mirror neuron system and simulation in the social and communicative deficits of autism spectrum disorders . Psychological bulletin , 133 ( 2 ) : 310 – 327 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.310
  • Oberman , L. , Winkielman , P. and Ramachandran , V. 2009 . Slow echo: Facial EMG evidence for the delay of spontaneous, but not voluntary, emotional mimicry in children with autism spectrum disorders . Developmental Science , 12 ( 4 ) : 510 – 520 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00796.x
  • Ozonoff , S. , Pennington , B. and Rogers , S. 1991 . Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 32 ( 7 ) : 1081 – 1105 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x
  • Paul , R. , Augustyn , A. , Klin , A. and Volkmar , F. 2005 . Perception and production of prosody by speakers with autism spectrum disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 35 ( 2 ) : 205 – 220 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-004-1999-1
  • Pelphrey , K. , Morris , J. , McCarthy , G. and LaBar , K. 2007 . Perception of dynamic changes in facial affect and identity in autism . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience , 2 ( 2 ) : 140 – 149 . doi: 10.1093/scan/nsm010
  • Peppé , S. , McCann , J. , Gibbon , F. , O'Hare , A. and Rutherford , M. 2007 . Receptive and expressive prosodic ability in children with high-functioning autism . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 50 ( 4 ) : 1015 – 1028 . doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/071)
  • Philip , R. , Whalley , H. , Stanfield , A. , Sprengelmeyer , R. , Santos , I. , Young , A. and Atkinson , A. 2010 . Deficits in facial, body movement and vocal emotional processing in autism spectrum disorders . Psychological Medicine , 40 ( 11 ) : 1919 – 1929 . doi: 10.1017/S0033291709992364
  • Ponnet , K. , Roeyers , H. , Buysse , A. , De Clercq , A. and Van Der Heyden , E. 2004 . Advanced mind-reading in adults with Asperger Syndrome . Autism , 8 ( 3 ) : 249 – 266 . doi: 10.1177/1362361304045214
  • Press , C. , Richardson , D. and Bird , G. 2010 . Intact imitation of emotional facial actions in autism spectrum conditions . Neuropsychologia , 48 ( 11 ) : 3291 – 3297 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.012
  • Prior , M. , Dahlstrom , B. and Squires , T. 1990 . Autistic children's knowledge of thinking and feeling states in other people . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 31 ( 4 ) : 587 – 601 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00799.x
  • Quintana , D. , Guastella , A. , Outhred , T. , Hickie , I. , & Kemp , A. 2012 . Heart rate variability predicts emotion recognition: Direct evidence for a relationship between the autonomic nervous system and social cognition . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 86 2 , 168 – 172 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.08.012
  • Quintin , E. , Bhatara , A. , Poissant , H. , Fombonne , E. and Levitin , D. 2011 . Emotion perception in music in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 41 ( 9 ) : 1240 – 1255 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1146-0
  • Reddy , V. , Williams , E. and Vaughan , A. 2002 . Sharing humour and laughter in autism and Down's syndrome . British Journal of Psychology , 93 ( 2 ) : 219 – 242 . doi: 10.1348/000712602162553
  • Riby , D. , Doherty-Sneddon , G. and Bruce , V. 2008 . Exploring face perception in disorders of development: Evidence from Williams syndrome and autism . Journal of Neuropsychology , 2 ( 1 ) : 47 – 64 . doi: 10.1348/174866407X255690
  • Riby , D. , Whittle , L. , & Doherty-Sneddon , G. 2012 . Physiological reactivity to faces via live and video-mediated communication in typical and atypical development . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 34 4 , 385 – 395 doi: 10.1080/13803395.2011.645019
  • Rogers , S. , Cook , I. , & Meryl , A. 2005 . Imitation and play in autism . In F. Volkmar , R. Paul , A. Klin , & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Assessment, interventions, and policy (Vol. 2 , pp. 382 – 405 ). Hoboken , NJ : Wiley .
  • Rump , K. , Giovannelli , J. , Minshew , N. and Strauss , M. 2009 . The development of emotion recognition in individuals with autism . Child Development , 80 ( 5 ) : 1434 – 1447 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01343.x
  • Russo , N. , Larson , C. and Kraus , N. 2008 . Audio–vocal system regulation in children with autism spectrum disorders . Experimental Brain Research , 188 ( 1 ) : 111 – 124 . doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1348-2
  • Rutherford , M. , Baron-Cohen , S. and Wheelwright , S. 2002 . Reading the mind in the voice: A study with normal adults and adults with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 32 ( 3 ) : 189 – 194 . doi: 10.1023/A:1015497629971
  • Rutherford , M. and McIntosh , D. 2007 . Rules versus prototype matching: Strategies of perception of emotional facial expressions in the autism spectrum . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 37 ( 2 ) : 187 – 196 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0151-9
  • Rutherford , M. and Towns , A. 2008 . Scan path differences and similarities during emotion perception in those with and without autism spectrum disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 38 ( 7 ) : 1371 – 1381 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-007-0525-7
  • Rutherford , M. , Troubridge , E. , & Walsh , J. 2012 . Visual afterimages of emotional faces in high functioning autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 42 2 , 221 – 229 doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1233-x
  • Sawyer , A. , Williamson , P. , & Young , R. 2012 . Can gaze avoidance explain why individuals with Asperger's syndrome can't recognise emotions from facial expressions? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 42 4 , 606 – 618 doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1283-0
  • Schulte-Rüther , M. , Greimel , E. , Markowitsch , H. , Kamp-Becker , I. , Remschmidt , H. , Fink , G. and Piefke , M. 2011 . Dysfunctions in brain networks supporting empathy: An fMRI study in adults with autism spectrum disorders . Social Neuroscience , 6 ( 1 ) : 1 – 21 . doi: 10.1080/17470911003708032
  • Schwenck , C. , Mergenthaler , J. , Keller , K. , Zech , J. , Salehi , S. , Taurines , R. , … Romanos , M. 2012 . Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: Group-specific profiles and developmental aspects . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 53 6 , 651 – 659 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02499.x
  • Shalom , D. , Mostofsky , S. , Hazlett , R. , Goldberg , M. , Landa , R. , Faran , Y. and McLeod , D. 2006 . Normal physiological emotions but differences in expression of conscious feelings in children with high-functioning autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 36 ( 3 ) : 395 – 400 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0077-2
  • Shamay-Tsoory , S. 2007 . Recognition of “fortune of others” emotions in Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 38 ( 8 ) : 1451 – 1461 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-007-0515-9
  • Sigman , M. , Dissanayake , C. , Corona , R. and Espinosa , M. 2003 . Social and cardiac responses of young children with autism . Autism , 7 ( 2 ) : 205 – 216 . doi: 10.1177/1362361303007002007
  • Sigman , M. , Kasari , C. , Kwon , J. and Yirmiya , N. 1992 . Responses to the negative emotions of others by autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children . Child Development , 63 ( 4 ) : 796 – 807 . doi: 10.2307/1131234
  • Silani , G. , Bird , G. , Brindley , R. , Singer , T. , Frith , C. and Frith , U. 2008 . Levels of emotional awareness and autism: An fMRI study . Social Neuroscience , 3 ( 2 ) : 97 – 112 . doi: 10.1080/17470910701577020
  • Simner , M. 1971 . Newborn's response to the cry of another infant . Developmental Psychology , 5 ( 1 ) : 136 – 150 . doi: 10.1037/h0031066
  • Sinzig , J. , Morsch , D. and Lehmkuhl , G. 2008 . Do hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention have an impact on the ability of facial affect recognition in children with autism and ADHD? . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 17 ( 2 ) : 63 – 72 . doi: 10.1007/s00787-007-0637-9
  • Skelly , L. and Decety , J. 2012 . Passive and motivated perception of emotional faces: Qualitative and quantitative changes in the face processing network . PLoS ONE , 7 ( 6 ) : e40371 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040371
  • Snow , M. , Hertzig , M. and Shapiro , T. 1987 . Expression of emotion in young autistic children . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 26 ( 6 ) : 836 – 838 . doi: 10.1097/00004583-198726060-00006
  • South , M. , Ozonoff , S. , Suchy , Y. , Kesner , R. , McMahon , W. and Lainhart , J. 2008 . Intact emotion facilitation for nonsocial stimuli in autism: Is amygdala impairment in autism specific for social information? . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 14 ( 01 ) : 42 – 54 . doi: 10.1017/S1355617708080107
  • Spencer , M. , Holt , R. , Chura , L. , Suckling , J. , Calder , A. , Bullmore , E. and Baron-Cohen , S. 2011 . A novel functional brain imaging endophenotype of autism: The neural response to facial expression of emotion . Translational Psychiatry , 1 ( 7 ) : e19 doi: 10.1038/tp.2011.18
  • Stel , M. , Heuvel , C. and Smeets , R. 2008 . Facial feedback mechanisms in autistic spectrum disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 38 ( 7 ) : 1250 – 1258 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-007-0505-y
  • Tardif , C. , Lainé , F. , Rodriguez , M. and Gepner , B. 2007 . Slowing down presentation of facial movements and vocal sounds enhances facial expression recognition and induces facial–vocal imitation in children with autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 37 ( 8 ) : 1469 – 1484 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0223-x
  • Trevarthen , C. 2005 . “ Action and emotion in development of cultural intelligence: Why infants have feeling like ours ” . In Emotional development: Recent research advances , Edited by: Nadel , J. and Muir , D. 61 – 92 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Uljarevic , M. , & Hamilton , A. 2012 . Recognition of emotions in autism: A formal meta-analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders . Retrieved from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-012-1695-5?LI=true#page-1
  • Vannetzel , L. , Chaby , L. , Cautru , F. , Cohen , D. and Plaza , M. 2010 . Neutral versus emotional human stimuli processing in children with pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders , 5 ( 2 ) : 775 – 783 . doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.09.005
  • Vivanti , G. , McCormick , C. , Young , G. , Abucayan , F. , Hatt , N. , Nadig , A. and Ozonoff , S. 2011 . Intact and impaired mechanisms of action understanding in autism . Developmental Psychology , 47 ( 3 ) : 841 – 856 . doi: 10.1037/a0023105
  • Wagner , J. , Hirsch , S. , Vogel-Farley , V. , Redcay , E. , & Nelson , C. 2012 . Eye-tracking, autonomic, and electrophysiological correlates of emotional face processing in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders .
  • Wallace , G. , Case , L. , Harms , M. , Silvers , J. , Kenworthy , L. and Martin , A. 2011 . Diminished sensitivity to sad facial expressions in high functioning autism spectrum disorders is associated with symptomatology and adaptive functioning . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 41 ( 11 ) : 1475 – 1486 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1170-0
  • Wallace , S. , Coleman , M. and Bailey , A. 2008 . An investigation of basic facial expression recognition in autism spectrum disorders . Cognition and Emotion , 22 ( 7 ) : 1353 – 1380 . doi: 10.1080/02699930701782153
  • Wang , A. , Dapretto , M. , Hariri , A. , Sigman , M. and Bookheimer , S. 2004 . Neural correlates of facial affect processing in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 43 ( 4 ) : 481 – 490 . doi: 10.1097/00004583-200404000-00015
  • Weng , S. , Carrasco , M. , Swartz , J. , Wiggins , J. , Kurapati , N. , Liberzon , I. and Risi , S. 2011 . Neural activation to emotional faces in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 52 ( 3 ) : 296 – 305 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02317.x
  • Wheelwright , S. and Baron-Cohen , S. 2011 . “ Systemizing and empathizing ” . In The neuropsychology of autism , Edited by: Fein , D. 317 – 338 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Wong , B. , Cronin-Golomb , A. and Neargarder , S. 2005 . Patterns of visual scanning as predictors of emotion identification in normal aging . Neuropsychology , 19 ( 6 ) : 739 – 749 . doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.19.6.739
  • Yirmiya , N. , Kasari , C. , Sigman , M. and Mundy , P. 1989 . Facial expressions of affect in autistic, mentally retarded and normal children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 30 ( 5 ) : 725 – 735 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00785.x
  • Yirmiya , N. , Sigman , M. , Kasari , C. and Mundy , P. 1992 . Empathy and cognition in high-functioning children with autism . Child Development , 63 ( 1 ) : 150 – 160 . doi: 10.2307/1130909

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.