2,650
Views
68
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REGULAR ARTICLES

I feel good, therefore I am real: Testing the causal influence of mood on state authenticity

, , &
Pages 1202-1224 | Received 18 Sep 2012, Accepted 19 Feb 2013, Published online: 10 Apr 2013

REFERENCES

  • Anderson, N. (1968). Likeableness ratings of personality trait words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 272–279. doi: 10.1037/h0025907
  • Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596–612. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
  • Ashton-James, C. E., Maddux, W., Galinsky, A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2009). Who I am depends on how I feel: The role of affect in the expression of culture. Psychological Science, 20, 340–346. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02299.x
  • Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the “true self” on the internet. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 33–48. doi: 10.1111/1540-4560.00247
  • Baumann, N., Kaschel, R., & Kuhl, J. (2005). Striving for unwanted goals: Stress-dependent discrepancies between explicit and implicit achievement motives reduce subjective well-being and increase psychosomatic symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 781–799. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.781
  • Bodenhausen, G. V. (1993). Emotions, arousal, and stereotypic judgments: A heuristic model of affect and stereotyping. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping (pp. 13–37). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Bodenhausen, G. V., Mussweiler, T., Gabriel, S., & Moreno, K. N. (2000). Affective influences on stereotyping and intergroup relations. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Handbook of affect and social cognition (pp. 319–343). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 49–59. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
  • Brown, J. D., Dutton, K. A., & Cook, K. E. (2001). From the top down: Self-esteem and self-evaluation. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 615–631.
  • Brown, J. D., & Mankowski, T. A. (1993). Self-esteem, mood, and self-evaluation: Changes in mood and the way you see you. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 421–430. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.421
  • Brown, J. D., & Marshall, M. A. (2001). Self-esteem and emotion: Some thoughts about feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 575–584. doi: 10.1177/0146167201275006
  • Clore, G. L., & Storbeck, J. (2006). Affect as information about liking, efficacy, and importance. In J. Forgas (Ed.), Affect in social thinking and Behavior (pp. 123–142). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Corey, G. (2009). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (8th ed). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.
  • De l'Etoile, S. K. (2002). The effect of musical mood induction procedure on mood state-dependent word retrieval. Journal of Music Therapy, 39, 145–160.
  • DeSteno, D., & Salovey, P. (1997). Structural dynamism in the concept of self: A flexible model for a malleable concept. Review of General Psychology, 1, 389–409. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.1.4.389
  • Dimberg, U. (1988). Facial electromyography and the experience of emotion. Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 277–282.
  • Durlak, J. A. (2009). How to select, calculate, and interpret effect sizes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 917–928. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsp004
  • Erickson, R. J. (1995). The importance of authenticity for self and society. Symbolic Interaction, 18, 121–144. doi: 10.1525/si.1995.18.2.121
  • Fazio, R. H. (1990. A practical guide to the use of response latency in social psychological research. In C. Hendrick & M. S. Clark, Research methods in personality and social psychology (Vol. 11, 74–97). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522–527. doi: 10.1037/h0076760
  • Fleeson, W., & Wilt, J. (2010). The relevance of Big Five trait content in behavior to subjective authenticity: Do high levels of within-person behavioral variability undermine or enable authenticity achievement? Journal of Personality, 78, 1353–1382.
  • Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39–66. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.39
  • Gable, S. L., & Haidt, J. (2005). What (and why) is positive psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9, 103–110. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.103
  • Giner-Sorolla, R. (2012). Science or art? How aesthetic standards grease the way through the publication bottleneck but undermine science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 562–571. doi: 10.1177/1745691612457576
  • Gino, F., Norton, M., & Ariely, D. (2010). The counterfeit self: The deceptive costs of faking it. Psychological Science, 21, 712–720. doi: 10.1177/0956797610366545
  • Goldman, B. M. (2006). Making diamonds out of coal: The role of authenticity in healthy (optimal) self-esteem and psychological functioning. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem: Issues and answers (pp. 132–139). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Goldman, B. M., & Kernis, M. H. (2002). The role of authenticity in healthy psychological functioning and subjective well-being. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(6), 18–20.
  • Green, J. D., Sedikides, C., Saltzberg, J. A., Wood, J. V., & Forzano, L.-A. B. (2003). Happy mood decreases self-focused attention. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 147–157. doi: 10.1348/014466603763276171
  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
  • Harter, S. (2002). Authenticity. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 382–394). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408–420. doi: 10.1080/03637750903310360
  • Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2012). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Hedges, L. V. (1994). Fixed effects models. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 285–299). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Heppner, W. L., Kernis, M. H., Nezlek, J. B., Foster, J., Lakey, C. E., & Goldman, B. M. (2008). Within-person relationships between daily self-esteem, need satisfaction, and authenticity. Psychological Science, 19, 1140–1145. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02215.x
  • Ito, M., & Kodama, M. (2005). Sense of authenticity, self-esteem, and subjective and psychological well-being. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 53, 74–85.
  • Ito, M., & Kodama, M. (2007). Sense of authenticity, affectivity, and cultural construal of the self among Japanese university students. Psychological Reports, 100, 83–86. doi: 10.2466/pr0.100.1.83-86
  • Jouriles, E. N., & Thompson, S. M. (1993). Effects of mood on mothers' evaluations of children's behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 6, 300–307. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.6.3.300
  • Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Research and theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 284–357.
  • Koole, S. L., & Kuhl, J. (2003). In search of the real self: A functional perspective on optimal self-esteem and authenticity. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 43–48.
  • Kuhl, J. (2000). A functional-design approach to motivation and self-regulation: The dynamics of personality systems interactions. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Self-regulation: Directions and challenges for future research (pp. 111–169). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Kuppens, P., Oravecz, Z., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2010). Feelings change: Accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1042–1060. doi: 10.1037/a0020962
  • Leary, M. R. (2006). Sociometer theory and the pursuit of relational value: Getting to the root of self-esteem. European Review of Social Psychology, 16, 75–111. doi: 10.1080/10463280540000007
  • Leith, K. P., & Baumeister, R. F. (1996). Why do bad moods increase self-defeating behavior? Emotion, risk taking, and self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1250–1267. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1250
  • Lench, H. C., Flores, S. A., & Bench, S. W. (2011). Discrete emotions predict changes in cognition, judgment, experience, behavior, and physiology: A meta-analysis of experimental emotion elicitations. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 834–855. doi: 10.1037/a0024244
  • Lenton, A. P., Bruder, M., Slabu, L., & Sedikides, C. (2013. How does “being real” feel? The experience of state authenticity. Journal of Personality. Advance online publication. 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00805.x
  • Lundqvist, L., & Dimberg, U. (1995). Facial expressions are contagious. Journal of Psychophysiology, 9, 203–211.
  • Lyubomirsky, S. (2001). Why are some people happier than others?: The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psychologist, 56, 239–249. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.239
  • Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137–155. doi: 10.1023/A:1006824100041
  • McConnell, A. R., Rydell, R. J., & Leibold, J. M. (2002). Expectations of consistency about the self: Consequences for self-concept formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 569–585. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00504-8
  • Neiss, M. B., Stevenson, J., Sedikides, C., Kumashiro, M., Finkel, E. J., & Rusbult, C. E. (2005). Executive self, self–esteem, and negative affectivity: Relations at the phenotypic and genotypic level. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 593–606. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.593
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
  • Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 435–468. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.435
  • Ratcliff, R. (1993). Methods for dealing with reaction time outliers. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 510–532. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.510
  • Rice, C., & Pasupathi, M. (2010). Reflecting on self-relevant experiences: Adult age differences. Developmental Psychology, 46, 479–490. doi: 10.1037/a0018098
  • Robinson, M. D. (2007). Lives lived in milliseconds: Using cognitive methods in personality research. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley & R. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 345–359). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Rottenberg, J., Ray, R. D., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Emotion elicitation using films. In J. A. Coan & J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), The handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 9–28). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. In J. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 125–154). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Schlegel, R. J., Hicks, J. A., Arndt, J., & King, L. A. (2009). Thine own self: True self-concept accessibility and meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 473–490. doi: 10.1037/a0014060
  • Schlegel, R. J., Hicks, J. A., King, L. A., & Arndt, J. (2011). Feeling like you know who you are: Perceived true self-knowledge and meaning in life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 745–756. doi: 10.1177/0146167211400424
  • Schwarz, N. (2012). Feelings-as-information theory. In P. Van Lange, A. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 289–308). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513–523. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513
  • Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1988). K. Fiedler & I. Forgas (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and social behavior (pp. 44–62). Göttingen: Hogrefe. How do I feel about it? The informative function of affective states
  • Schwarz, N., & Strack, F. (1999). Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 61–84). New York, NY: Russell-Sage.
  • Sedikides, C. (1992a). Mood as a determinant of attentional focus. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 129–148. doi: 10.1080/02699939208411063
  • Sedikides, C. (1992b). Changes in the valence of the self as a function of mood. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 271–311.
  • Sedikides, C. (1993). Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 317–338. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.317
  • Sedikides, C. (1994). Incongruent effects of sad mood on self-conception valence: It's a matter of time. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 161–172. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420240112
  • Sedikides, C. (1995). Central and peripheral self-conceptions are differentially influenced by mood: Tests of the differential sensitivity hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 759–777. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.759
  • Sedikides, C., & Alicke, M. D. (2012). Self-enhancement and self-protection motives. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), Oxford handbook of motivation (pp. 303–322). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2003). Portraits of the self. In M. A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), Sage handbook of social psychology (pp. 110–138). London: Sage.
  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
  • Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Rawsthorne, L. J., & Ilardi, B. (1997). Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the Big-Five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1380–1393. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1380
  • Slovic, P., Finucane, M., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. (2002). The affect heuristic. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Intuitive judgement: Heuristics and biases (pp. 397–420). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, E. R., & Henry, S. M. (1996). An in-group becomes part of the self: Response time evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 635–642. doi: 10.1177/0146167296226008
  • Stephan, E., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012). Mental travel into the past: Differentiating recollections of nostalgic, ordinary, and positive events. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 290–298. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.1865
  • Strack, F., Martin, L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 768–777. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.768
  • Thompson, E. R. (2007). Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the Positive And Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 227–242. doi: 10.1177/0022022106297301
  • Turner, R., & Billings, V. (1991). The social contexts of self-feeling. In J. Howard & P. Callero (Eds.), The self-society dynamic: Cognition, emotion, and action (pp. 103–122). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Vannini, P., & Franzese, A. (2008). The authenticity of self: Conceptualization, personal experience, and practice. Sociology Compass, 2, 1621–1637. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2008.00151.x
  • Vess, M., Arndt, J., Routledge, C., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012). Nostalgia as a resource for the self. Self and Identity, 3, 273–284. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2010.521452
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
  • Westerman, R., Spies, K., Stahl, G., & Hesse, F. W. (1996). Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 557–580. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199607)26:4%3C557::AID-EJSP769%3E3.0.CO;2-4
  • Wharton, A. (1999). The psychosocial consequences of emotional labor. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 561, 158–176. doi: 10.1177/0002716299561001011
  • Whelan, D. C., & Zelenski, J. M. (2012). Experimental evidence that positive moods cause sociability. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 430–437. doi: 10.1177/1948550611425194
  • Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008). The authentic personality: A theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the Authenticity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 385–399. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.