Gender differences in emotion recognition: Impact of sensory modality and emotional category

REFERENCES

• Babchuk, W., Hames, R., & Thompson, R. (1985). Sex differences in the recognition of infant facial expressions of emotion: The primary caretaker hypothesis. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6(2), 89–101. doi:10.1016/0162-3095(85)90002-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banse, R., & Scherer, K. R. (1996). Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 614–636. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bänziger, T., Grandjean, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2009). Emotion recognition from expressions in face, voice, and body: The Multimodal Emotion Recognition Test (MERT). Emotion (Washington, DC), 9(5), 691–704. doi:10.1037/a0017088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biehl, M., Matsumoto, D., Ekman, P., Hearn, V., Heider, K., Kudoh, T., & Ton, V. (1997). Matsumoto and Ekman's Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion, JACFEE: Reliability data and cross-national differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21(1), 3–21. doi:10.1023/A:1024902500935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonebright, T. L., Thompson, J. L., & Leger, D. W. (1996). Gender stereotypes in the expression and perception of vocal affect. Sex Roles, 34(5), 429–445. doi:10.1007/BF01547811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill, L. (2006). Why sex matters for neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(6), 477–484. doi:10.1038/nrn1909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo, M. G., & Lundqvist, D. (2008). Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): Identification under different display-duration conditions. Behavior Research Methods, 40(1), 109–115. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.1.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, S. L., & Lima, C. F. (2010). Recognizing emotions in spoken language: A validated set of Portuguese sentences and pseudosentences for research on emotional prosody. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 74–81. doi:10.3758/BRM.42.1.74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champagne, F. A. (2013). Effects of stress across generations: Why sex matters. Biological Psychiatry, 73(1), 2–4. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collignon, O., Girard, S., Gosselin, F., Roy, S., Saint-Amour, D., Lassonde, M., & Lepore, F. (2008). Audio-visual integration of emotion expression. Brain Research, 1242, 126–135. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collignon, O., Girard, S., Gosselin, F., Saint-Amour, D., Lepore, F., & Lassonde, M. (2010). Women process multisensory emotion expressions more efficiently than men. Neuropsychologia, 48(1), 220–225. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Gelder, B., & Vroomen, J. (2000). The perception of emotions by ear and by eye. Cognition and Emotion, 14(3), 289–289. doi:10.1080/026999300378824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyck, M., Winbeck, M., Leiberg, S., Chen, Y., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. C., & Mathiak, K. (2008). Recognition profile of emotions in natural and virtual faces. PloS One, 3(11), e3628–e3628. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ethofer, T., Anders, S., Erb, M., Droll, C., Royen, L., Saur, R., … Wildgruber, D. (2006). Impact of voice on emotional judgment of faces: An event-related fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 27(9), 707–714. doi:10.1002/hbm.20212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ethofer, T., Wiethoff, S., Anders, S., Kreifelts, B., Grodd, W., & Wildgruber, D. (2007). The voices of seduction: Cross-gender effects in processing of erotic prosody. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(4), 334–337. doi:10.1093/scan/nsm028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimura, T., & Suzuki, N. (2010). Effects of dynamic information in recognising facial expressions on dimensional and categorical judgments. Perception, 39(4), 543–552. doi:10.1068/p6257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujisawa, T. X., & Shinohara, K. (2011). Sex differences in the recognition of emotional prosody in late childhood and adolescence. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 61(5), 429–435. doi:10.1007/s12576-011-0156-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisser, S., & Greenhouse, S. W. (1958). An extension of Box's results on the use of the $F$ distribution in multivariate analysis. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 29(3), 885–891. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177706545
   Google Scholar
• Guapo, V. G., Graeff, F. G., Zani, A. C. T., Labate, C. M., dos Reis, R. M., & Del-Ben, C. M. (2009). Effects of sex hormonal levels and phases of the menstrual cycle in the processing of emotional faces. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(7), 1087–1094. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85(4), 845–857. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.4.845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: Communication accuracy and expressive style. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, J. A., & Matsumoto, D. (2004). Gender differences in judgments of multiple emotions from facial expressions. Emotion (Washington, DC), 4(2), 201–206. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawk, S. T., van Kleef, G. A., Fischer, A. H., & van der Schalk, J. (2009). “Worth a thousand words”: Absolute and relative decoding of nonlinguistic affect vocalizations. Emotion (Washington, DC), 9(3), 293–305. doi:10.1037/a0015178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert, C., Kissler, J., Junghöfer, M., Peyk, P., & Rockstroh, B. (2006). Processing of emotional adjectives: Evidence from startle EMG and ERPs. Psychophysiology, 43(2), 197–206. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00385.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilts, C. D., Egan, G., Gideon, D. A., Ely, T. D., & Hoffman, J. M. (2003). Dissociable neural pathways are involved in the recognition of emotion in static and dynamic facial expressions. NeuroImage, 18(1), 156–168. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirouac, G., & Doré, F. Y. (1985). Accuracy of the judgment of facial expression of emotions as a function of sex and level of education. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 9(1), 3–7. doi:10.1007/BF00987555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreifelts, B., Ethofer, T., Grodd, W., Erb, M., & Wildgruber, D. (2007). Audiovisual integration of emotional signals in voice and face: An event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage, 37(4), 1445–1456. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kret, M. E., Pichon, S., Grèzes, J., & de Gelder, B. (2011). Men fear other men most: Gender specific brain activations in perceiving threat from dynamic faces and bodies—An fMRI study. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(3), 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrecht, L., Kreifelts, B., & Wildgruber, D. (2012). Age-related decrease in recognition of emotional facial and prosodic expressions. Emotion (Washington, DC), 12(3), 529–539. doi:10.1037/a0026827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. M. C., Liu, H.-L., Hoosain, R., Liao, W.-T., Wu, C.-T., Yuen, K. S. L., … Gao, J.-H. (2002). Gender differences in neural correlates of recognition of happy and sad faces in humans assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroscience Letters, 333(1), 13–16. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00965-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrl, S. (Ed.). (1977). Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest: MWT-B. Erlangen: Perimed-Verlag Straube.
   Google Scholar
• Lehrl, S., Triebig, G., & Fischer, B. (1995). Multiple choice vocabulary test MWT as a valid and short test to estimate premorbid intelligence. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 91(5), 335–345. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb07018.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leppänen, J. M., & Hietanen, J. K. (2004). Positive facial expressions are recognized faster than negative facial expressions, but why? Psychological Research, 69(1–2), 22–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leppänen, J. M., Tenhunen, M., & Hietanen, J. K. (2003). Faster choice-reaction times to positive than to negative facial expressions: The role of cognitive and motor processes. Journal of Psychophysiology, 17(3), 113–123. doi:10.1027//0269-8803.17.3.113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal, M. K., & Palchoudhury, S. (1985). Perceptual skill in decoding facial affect. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 60(1), 96–98. doi:10.2466/pms.1985.60.1.96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure, E. B. (2000). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 126(3), 424–453. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merz, J., Lehrl, S., Galster, V., & Erzigkeit, H. (1975). The multiple selection vocabulary test (MSVT-B)—An accelerated intelligence test. Psychiatrie, Neurologie und medizinische Psychologie (Leipzig), 27(7), 423–428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miura, M. (1993). Individual differences in the perception of facial expression: The relation to sex difference and cognitive mode. Shinrigaku Kenkyu: The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 63(6), 409–413. doi:10.4992/jjpsy.63.409
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montagne, B., Kessels, R. P. C., De Haan, E. H. F., & Perrett, D. I. (2007). The Emotion Recognition Task: A paradigm to measure the perception of facial emotional expressions at different intensities. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104(2), 589–598. doi:10.2466/pms.104.2.589-598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagne, B., Kessels, R. P. C., Frigerio, E., de Haan, E. H. F., & Perrett, D. I. (2005). Sex differences in the perception of affective facial expressions: Do men really lack emotional sensitivity? Cognitive Processing, 6(2), 136–141. doi:10.1007/s10339-005-0050-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy, N. A., & Hall, J. A. (2011). Intelligence and interpersonal sensitivity: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 39(1), 54–63. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrtek, M., Aschenbrenner, E., & Brügner, G. (2005). Emotions in everyday life: An ambulatory monitoring study with female students. Biological Psychology, 68(3), 237–255. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97–113. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proverbio, A. M., Matarazzo, S., Brignone, V., Del Zotto, M., & Zani, A. (2007). Processing valence and intensity of infant expressions: The roles of expertise and gender. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 477–485. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00616.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raithel, V., & Hielscher-Fastabend, M. (2004). Emotional and linguistic perception of prosody. Reception of prosody. Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica: Official Organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP), 56(1), 7–13. doi:10.1159/000075324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, D. W., & Sutton, G. J. (1979). Age effect in hearing—A comparative analysis of published threshold data. Audiology: Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology, 18(4), 320–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenthal, R., Hall, J. A., DiMatteo, M. R., Rogers, P. L., & Archer, D. (1979). Sensitivity to nonverbal communication: The PONS test. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rotter, N. G., & Rotter, G. S. (1988). Sex differences in the encoding and decoding of negative facial emotions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(2), 139–148. doi:10.1007/BF00986931
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruffman, T., Henry, J. D., Livingstone, V., & Phillips, L. H. (2008). A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 863–881. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rymarczyk, K., & Grabowska, A. (2007). Sex differences in brain control of prosody. Neuropsychologia, 45(5), 921–930. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saavedra-Rodríguez, L., & Feig, L. A. (2013). Chronic social instability induces anxiety and defective social interactions across generations. Biological Psychiatry, 73(1), 44–53. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185–211. doi:10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
   Google Scholar
• Sato, W., Kochiyama, T., Yoshikawa, S., Naito, E., & Matsumura, M. (2004). Enhanced neural activity in response to dynamic facial expressions of emotion: An fMRI study. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 20(1), 81–91. doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.01.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scherer, K., & Scherer, U. (2011). Assessing the ability to recognize facial and vocal expressions of emotion: Construction and validation of the Emotion Recognition Index. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 35(4), 305–326. doi:10.1007/s10919-011-0115-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Bobik, C., Coston, T. D., Greeson, C., Jedlicka, C., … Wendorf, G. (2001). Emotional intelligence and interpersonal relations. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 523–536. doi:10.1080/00224540109600569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 167–177. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trautmann, S. A., Fehr, T., & Herrmann, M. (2009). Emotions in motion: Dynamic compared to static facial expressions of disgust and happiness reveal more widespread emotion-specific activations. Brain Research, 1284, 100–115. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaskinn, A., Sundet, K., Friis, S., Simonsen, C., Birkenaes, A. B., Engh, J. A., … Andreassen, O. A. (2007). The effect of gender on emotion perception in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116(4), 263–270. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.00991.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, H. L. (1993). On measuring performance in category judgment studies of nonverbal behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17(1), 3–28. doi:10.1007/BF00987006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, L. M., Mathersul, D., Palmer, D. M., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., & Gordon, E. (2009). Explicit identification and implicit recognition of facial emotions: I. Age effects in males and females across 10 decades. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31(3), 257–277. doi:10.1080/13803390802255635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, P., & Fimm, V. (2002). Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (TAP) ( Version 2.1). Herzogenrath: Psytest.
   Google Scholar