Simultaneous conditioning of valence and arousal

REFERENCES

• Anders, S., Lotze, M., Erb, M., Grodd, W., & Birbaumer, N. (2004). Brain activity underlying emotional valence and arousal: A response-related fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 23, 200–209. doi:10.1002/hbm.20048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeyens, F., Crombez, G., Van den Bergh, O., & Eelen, P. (1988). Once in contact, always in contact: Evaluative conditioning is resistant to extinction. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 10, 179–199. doi:10.1016/0146-6402(88)90014-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeyens, F., Eelen, P., & van den Bergh, O. (1990). Contingency awareness in evaluative conditioning: A case for unaware affective-evaluative learning. Cognition and Emotion, 4, 3–18. doi:10.1080/02699939008406760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balas, R., & Gawronski, B. (2012). On the intentional control of conditioned evaluative responses. Learning and Motivation, 43, 89–98. doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2012.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Anan, Y., De Houwer, J., & Nosek, B. (2010). Evaluative conditioning and conscious knowledge of contingencies: A correlational investigation with large samples. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 2313–2335. doi:10.1080/17470211003802442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 401–423. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colibazzi, T., Posner, J., Wang, Z., Gorman, D., Gerber, A., Yu, S., … Peterson, B. S. (2010). Neural systems subserving valence and arousal during the experience of induced emotions. Emotion, 10, 377–389. doi:10.1037/a0018484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, W. A., Raye, C. L., & Johnson, M. K. (2004). Implicit and explicit evaluation: fMRI correlates of valence, emotional intensity, and control in the processing of attitudes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1717–1729. doi:10.1162/0898929042947919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, M. E., Rissling, A. J., Schell, A. M., & Wilcox, R. (2007). Under what conditions can human affective conditioning occur without contingency awareness? Test of the evaluative conditioning paradigm. Emotion, 7, 755–766. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer, J. (2007). A conceptual and theoretical analysis of evaluative conditioning. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10, 230–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer, J. (2009). The propositional approach to associative learning as an alternative for association formation models. Learning & Behavior, 37, 1–20. doi:10.3758/LB.37.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer, J., Baeyens, F., Vansteenwegen, D., & Eelen, P. (2000). Evaluative conditioning in the picture-picture paradigm with random assignment of conditioned stimuli to unconditioned stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 26, 237–242. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.26.2.237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer, J., Thomas, S., & Baeyens, F. (2001). Associative learning of likes and dislikes: A review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 853–869. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, M. R., Olsson, A., & Phelps, E. A. (2006). Extending animal models of fear conditioning to humans. Biological Psychology, 73, 39–48. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, D. M., Jarratt, F., & Dick, K. (2007). Evaluative conditioning with foods as CSs and body shapes as USs: No evidence for sex differences, extinction, or overshadowing. Cognition & Emotion, 21, 281–299. doi:10.1080/02699930600551592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. P., & Moore, A. C. (2005). Dissociating the effects of attention and contingency awareness on evaluative conditioning effects in the visual paradigm. Cognition & Emotion, 19, 217–243. doi:10.1080/02699930441000292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Förderer, S., & Unkelbach, C. (2011). Beyond evaluative conditioning! Evidence for transfer of non-evaluative attributes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 479–486. doi:10.1177/1948550611398413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Förderer, S., & Unkelbach, C. (2013). On the stability of evaluative conditioning effects: The role of identity memory, valence memory, and evaluative consolidation. Social Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulcher, E. P., & Cocks, R. P. (1997). Dissociative storage systems in human evaluative conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 1–10. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00081-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulcher, E. P., & Hammerl, M. (2001). When all is revealed: A dissociation between evaluative learning and contingency awareness. Consciousness and Cognition, 10, 524–549. doi:10.1006/ccog.2001.0525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gast, A., De Houwer, J., & De Schryver, M. (2012). Evaluative conditioning can be modulated by memory of the CS-US pairings at the time of testing. Learning and Motivation, 43, 116–126. doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2012.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gast, A., Gawronski, B., & De Houwer, J. (2012). Evaluative conditioning: Recent developments and future directions. Learning and Motivation, 43, 79–88. doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2012.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692–731. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2011). The associative-propositional evaluation model: Theory, evidence, and open questions. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 59–127. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00002-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawronski, B., & Walther, E. (2012). What do memory data tell us about the role of contingency awareness in evaluative conditioning? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 617–623. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber, A. J., Posner, J., Gorman, D., Colibazzi, T., Yu, S., Wang, Z., … Peterson, B. S. (2008). An affective circumplex model of neural systems subserving valence, arousal, and cognitive overlay during the appraisal of emotional faces. Neuropsychologia, 46, 2129–2139. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, B. (2008). Can evaluative conditioning change attitudes toward mature brands? New evidence from the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 178–188. doi:10.1086/527341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, T., & Walther, E. (2013). Two in one conditioning. The role of valence in concept learning. Learning and Motivation, 44, 174–183. doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2012.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, M. K., Cook, E. W., & Lang, P. J. (1989). Affective judgment and psychophysiological response: Dimensional covariation in the evaluation of pictorial stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 51–64.
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann, W., De Houwer, J., Perugini, M., Baeyens, F., & Crombez, G. (2010). Evaluative conditioning in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 390–421. doi:10.1037/a0018916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
   Google Scholar
• Hütter, M., Sweldens, S., Stahl, C., Unkelbach, C., & Klauer, K. C. (2012). Dissociating contingency awareness and conditioned attitudes: Evidence of contingency-unaware evaluative conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 539–557. doi:10.1037/a0026477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C. R., Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2009). Implicit misattribution as a mechanism underlying evaluative conditioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 933–948. doi:10.1037/a0014747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C. R., Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2010). Evaluative conditioning: The “how” question. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 205–255. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(10)43005-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerkhof, I., Vansteenwegen, D., Baeyens, F., & Hermans, D. (2011). Counterconditioning: An effective technique for changing conditioned preferences. Experimental Psychology, 58, 31–38. doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, D. C., Nguyen, H. T., & Bandettini, P. A. (2003). Expression of conditional fear with and without awareness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 15280–15283. doi:10.1073/pnas.2535780100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-7. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261–273. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBel, E. P., & Peters, K. R. (2011). Fearing the future of empirical psychology: Bem's (2011) evidence of psi as a case study of deficiencies in modal research practice. Review of General Psychology, 15, 371–379. doi:10.1037/a0025172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion, 5, 175–190. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meersmans, T., De Houwer, J., Baeyens, F., Randell, T., & Eelen, P. (2005). Beyond evaluative conditioning? Searching for associative transfer of nonevaluative stimulus properties. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 283–306. doi:10.1080/02699930441000328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, C. J., De Houwer, J., & Lovibond, P. F. (2009). The propositional nature of human associative learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 183–198. doi:10.1017/S0140525X09000855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, D. G. V., Luo, J., Vythilingham, M., Finger, E., & Blair, R. J. R. (2008). The interference of operant task performance by emotional distracters: An antagonistic relationship between the amygdala and frontoparietal cortices. NeuroImage, 40, 859–868. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, K. M., & Davis, M. (2007). Mechanisms of fear extinction. Molecular Psychiatry, 12, 120–150. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, R. (2000). The causal influences of attributions on emotions: A procedural priming approach. Psychological Science, 11, 179–182. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, M. A., Kendrick, R. V., & Fazio, R. H. (2009). Implicit learning of evaluative vs. non-evaluative covariations: The role of dimension accessibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 398–403. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osgood, C. E., Suci, G., & Tannenbaum, P. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Payne, B. K., Burkley, M. A., & Stokes, M. B. (2008). Why do implicit and explicit attitude tests diverge? The role of structural fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 16–31. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleyers, G., Corneille, O., Luminet, O., & Yzerbyt, V. (2007). Aware and (dis)liking: Item-based analyses reveal that valence acquisition via evaluative conditioning emerges only when there is contingency awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Cognition, 33, 130–144. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.1.130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043–1056. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.9.1043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 145–172. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2006). Understanding implicit and explicit attitude change: A systems of reasoning analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 995–1008. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, D. H., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2010). Classical conditioning of autonomic fear responses is independent of contingency awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 36, 495–500. doi:10.1037/a0020263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22, 1359–1366. doi:10.1177/0956797611417632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. R., & Neumann, R. (2005). Emotion considered from the perspective of dual process models. In L. Feldman Barrett, P. M. Niedenthal, & P. Winkielman (Eds.), Emotion: Conscious and unconscious (pp. 287–311). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stahl, C., Unkelbach, C., & Corneille, O. (2009). On the respective contributions of awareness of unconditioned stimulus valence and unconditioned stimulus identity in attitude formation through evaluative conditioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 404–420. doi:10.1037/a0016196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, R. J., Boakes, R. A., & Prescott, J. (1998). Changes in odor sweetness resulting from implicit learning of a simultaneous odor-sweetness association: An example of learned synesthesia. Learning and Motivation, 29, 113–132. doi:10.1006/lmot.1998.0996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, R. J., Boakes, R. A., & Wilson, J. P. (2000). Resistance to extinction of conditioned odor perceptions: Evaluative conditioning is not unique. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 423–440. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.2.423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweldens, S., Van Osselaer, S., & Janiszewski, C. (2010). Evaluative conditioning procedures and the resilience of conditioned brand attitudes. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 473–489. doi:10.1086/653656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vansteenwegen, D., Francken, G., Vervliet, B., De Clercq, A., & Eelen, P. (2006). Resistance to extinction in evaluative conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 32, 71–79. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.32.1.71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, J., De Houwer, J., Koster, W., Van Damme, S., & Crombez, G. (2008). Allocation of spatial attention to emotional stimuli depends upon arousal and not valence. Emotion, 8, 880–885. doi:10.1037/a0013981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, E., Gawronski, B., Blank, H., & Langer, T. (2009). Changing likes and dislikes through the back door: The US-revaluation effect. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 889–917. doi:10.1080/02699930802212423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, E., & Nagengast, B. (2006). Evaluative conditioning and the awareness issue: Assessing contingency awareness with the four picture recognition test. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 32, 454–459. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.32.4.454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, E., Nagengast, B., & Trasselli, C. (2005). Evaluative conditioning in social psychology: Facts and speculations. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 175–196. doi:10.1080/02699930441000274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentura, D., & Degner, J. (2010). A practical guide to sequential priming and related tasks. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 95–116). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winkielman, P., Berntson, G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). The psychophysiological perspective on the social mind. In A. Tesser & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intraindividual processes (pp. 89–108). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar