The language of worry: Examining linguistic elements of worry models

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Behar, E., DiMarco, I. D., Hekler, E. B., Mohlman, J., & Staples, A. M. (2009). Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 1011–1023. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behar, E., Zuellig, A. R., & Borkovec, T. D. (2005). Thought and imaginal activity during worry and trauma recall. Behavior Therapy, 36, 157–168. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80064-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In G. C. L. Davey & E. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 29–51). Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. Heimberg, C. Turk, & D. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Borkovec, T. D., & Inz, J. (1990). The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 153–158. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90027-G
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkovec, T. D., & Lyonfields, J. D. (1993). Worry: Thought suppression of emotional processing. In H. W. Krohne (Ed.), Attention and avoidance (pp. 101–118). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV). Albany, NY: Graywind.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A., DiNardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001). Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 49–58. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 931–945. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 222–236. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, G. C. L., & Levy, S. (1998). Catastrophic worrying: Personal inadequacy and a perseverative iterative style as features of the catastrophizing process. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 576–586. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.4.576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 215–226. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00070-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., & Cahill, S. P. (2006). Emotional processing theory: An update. In B. O. Rothbaum (Ed.), Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (pp. 3–24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freeston, M. H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1996). Thoughts, images, worry and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 265–273. doi:10.1007/BF02229237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, S. G., Moore, P. M., Gutner, C., & Weeks, J. W. (2012). Linguistic correlates of social anxiety disorder. Cognition and Emotion, 26, 720–726. doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.602048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, J. H., Tobin, R. M., Massey, A. E., & Anderson, J. A. (2007). Measuring emotional expression with the linguistic inquiry and word count. American Journal of Psychology, 120, 263–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina, S., Borkovec, T. D., Peasley, C., & Person, D. (1998). Content analysis of worrisome streams of consciousness in anxious and dysphoric participants. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(2), 109–123.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., Chung, C. K., Ireland, M., Gonzales, A., & Booth, R. J. (2007). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2007. Austin, TX: LIWC.
   Google Scholar
• Rude, S., Gortner, E.-M., & Pennebaker, J. (2004). Language use of depressed and depression-vulnerable college students. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 1121–1133. doi:10.1080/02699930441000030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöber, J. (1998). Worry, problem elaboration, and suppression of imagery: The role of concreteness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 751–756. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00027-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöber, J., & Borkovec T. D., (2002). Reduced concreteness of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: Findings from a therapy study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(1), 89–96. doi:10.1023/A:1013845821848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(1), 24–54. doi:10.1177/0261927X09351676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer, J. F., Friedman, B. H., & Borkovec, T. D. (1996). Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 255–266. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00136-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar