The face of schadenfreude: Differentiation of joy and schadenfreude by electromyography

REFERENCES

• Ben-Ze'ev, A. (2000). The subtlety of emotions. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The Self-Assessment Manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 49–59. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S.L., & Schwartz, G. E. (1980). Relationships between facial electromyography and subjective experience during affective imagery. Biological Psychology, 11(1), 49–62. doi:10.1016/0301-0511(80)90026-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cikara, M., Botvinick, M. M., & Fiske, S. T. (2011). Us versus them: Social identity shapes neural responses to intergroup competition and harm. Psychological Science, 22, 306–313. doi:10.1177/0956797610397667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). Stereotypes and schadenfreude: Affective and physiological markers of pleasure at outgroup misfortunes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 63–71. doi:10.1177/1948550611409245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimberg, U., & Thunberg, M. (1998). Rapid facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 39(1), 39–45. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvash, J., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2011). Envy and schadenfreude: The neural correlates of competitive emotions. In R. Ebstein, S. Shamay-Tsoory, & S. H. Chew (Eds.), From DNA to social cognition (pp.139–155). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. Emotion Review, 3, 364–370. doi:10.1177/1754073911410740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1982). Felt, false, and miserable smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 6, 238–252. doi:10.1007/BF00987191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., Hager, J. C., & Friesen, W. V. (1981). The symmetry of emotional and deliberate facial actions. Psychophysiology, 18, 101–106. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02919.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridlund, A. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology, 23, 567–589. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00676.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hareli, S., & Parkinson, B. (2008). What’s social about social emotions? Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 38(2), 131–156. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.2008.00363.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hareli, S., & Weiner, B. (2002). Dislike and envy as antecedents of pleasure at another’s misfortune. Motivation and Emotion, 26, 257–277. doi:10.1023/A:1022818803399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Keltner, D. (1995). Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 441–454. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keltner, D., Ekman, P., Gonzaga, G. C., & Beer, J., (2003). Facial expression of emotion. In R. J. Davidson, H. H. Goldsmith, & K. Scherer (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 415–432). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kemper, T. D. (1987). How many emotions are there? Wedding the social and autonomic components. American Journal of Sociology, 93, 263–289. doi:10.1086/228745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., & Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: Schadenfreude at the suffering of another group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 932–943. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Likowski, K. U., Mühlberger, A., Seibt, B., Pauli, P., & Weyers, P. (2008). Modulation of facial mimicry by attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1065–1072. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moody, E. J., McIntosh, D. N., Mann, L. J., & Weisser, K. R. (2007). More than mere mimicry? The influence of emotion on rapid facial reactions to faces. Emotion, 7, 447–457. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nietzsche, F. (1954). Die fröhliche Wissenschaft [The gay science]. In K. Schlechta (Eds.), Werke in drei Bänden, zweiter Band. München: Hanser.
   Google Scholar
• Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Tibi-Elhanany, Y., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2007). The green-eyed monster and malicious joy: The neuroanatomical bases of envy and gloating (schadenfreude). Brain, 130, 1663–1678. doi:10.1093/brain/awm093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. H. (2013). The joy of pain: Schadenfreude and the dark side of human nature. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. H., Turner, T. J., Garonzik, R., Leach, C. W., Urch-Druskat, V., & Weston, C. M. (1996). Envy and schadenfreude. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 158–168. doi:10.1177/0146167296222005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijk, W. W., Goslinga, S., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (2008). Impact of responsibility for misfortune on schadenfreude and sympathy: Further evidence. Journal of Social Psychology, 148, 631–636. doi:10.3200/SOCP.148.5.631-636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J. W., Van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Wesseling, Y. M. (2012).“So you wanna be a pop star?”: Schadenfreude following another’s misfortune on TV. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 34, 168–174. doi:10.1080/01973533.2012.656006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanman, E. J., Paul, B. Y., Ito, T. A., & Miller, N. (1997). The modern face of prejudice and structural features that moderate the effect of cooperation on affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 941–959. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar