1,249
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

High intelligence prevents the negative impact of anxiety on working memory

Pages 1197-1209 | Received 01 May 2014, Accepted 22 Sep 2014, Published online: 15 Oct 2014

REFERENCES

  • Ashcraft, M. H., & Kirk, E. P. (2001). The relationships among working memory, math anxiety, and performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 224–237. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.224
  • Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A., & Shell, P. (1990). What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven progressive matrices test. Psychological Review, 97, 404–431. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.404
  • Chuderski, A. (2014). The relational integration task explains fluid reasoning above and beyond other working memory tasks. Memory & Cognition, 42, 448–463. doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0366-x
  • Chuderski, A., & Necka, E. (2012). The contribution of working memory to fluid intelligence: Capacity, control, or both? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 1689–1710. doi:10.1037/a0028465
  • Cook, R. D. (1977). Detection of influential observations in linear regression. Technometrics, 19(1), 15–18. doi:10.2307/1268249
  • Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87–114. doi:10.1017/S0140525X01003922
  • Deary, I. J. (2012). Intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 453–482.
  • DeYoung, C. G., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2005). Sources of openness/intellect: Cognitive and neuropsychological correlates of the fifth factor of personality. Journal of Personality, 73, 825–858. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00330.x
  • Eysenck, M. W., & Derakshan, N. (2011). New perspectives in attentional control theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 955–960. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.019
  • Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7, 336–353. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
  • Eysenck, M. W., Payne, S., & Derakshan, N. (2005). Trait anxiety, visuospatial processing, and working memory. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 1214–1228. doi:10.1080/02699930500260245
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1−55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Johnson, D. R., & Gronlund, S. D. (2009). Individuals lower in working memory capacity are particularly vulnerable to anxiety’s disruptive effect on performance. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 22, 201–213.
  • Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2003). Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 47–70. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.47
  • Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., & Conway, A. R. A. (2005). Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence are strongly related constructs: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005). Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 66–71. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.66
  • Kaufman, S. B., DeYoung, C. G., Gray, J. R., Brown, J., & Mackintosh, N. (2009). Associative learning predicts intelligence above and beyond working memory and processing speed. Intelligence, 37, 374–382. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.03.004
  • Klein, K., & Barnes, D. (1994). The relationship of life stress to problem solving: Task complexity and individual differences. Social Cognition, 12, 187–204. doi:10.1521/soco.1994.12.3.187
  • Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Lavric, A., Rippon, G., & Gray, J. R. (2003). Threat-evoked anxiety disrupts spatial working memory performance: An attentional account. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 489–504. doi:10.1023/A:1026300619569
  • Leon, M. R., & Revelle, W. (1985). Effects of anxiety on analogical reasoning: A test of three theoretical models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1302–1315. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.5.1302
  • MacLeod, C., & Donnellan, A.M. (1993). Individual differences in anxiety and the restriction of working memory capacity. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 163–173. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90023-V
  • Mathews, A., Mackintosh, B., & Fulcher, E. P. (1997). Cognitive biases in anxiety and attention to threat. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 340–345. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01092-9
  • Moriya, J., & Sugiura, Y. (2013). Socially anxious individuals with low working memory capacity could not inhibit the goal-irrelevant information. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 840. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00840
  • Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Ollendick, T., King, N., & Bogie, N. (2002). Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: Their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 753–772. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00056-0
  • Nichols-Hoppe, K. T., & Beach, L. R. (1990). The effects of test anxiety and task variables on predecisional information search. Journal of Research in Personality, 24, 163–172. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(90)90014-W
  • Oberauer, K., Süß, H.-M., Wilhelm, O., & Wittmann, W. W. (2008). Which working memory functions predict intelligence? Intelligence, 36, 641–652. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.01.007
  • Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Hadwin, J. A., & Norgate, R. (2014). When does anxiety help or hinder cognitive test performance? The role of working memory capacity. British Journal of Psychology, 105(1), 92–101. doi:10.1111/bjop.12009
  • Pham, M. T. (2007). Emotion and rationality: A critical review and interpretation of empirical evidence. Review of General Psychology, 11, 155–178. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.11.2.155
  • Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1983). Manual for Ravens progressive matrices and vocabulary scales (Section 4: Advanced progressive matrices). London: H. K. Lewis.
  • Salthouse, T. A., Berish, D. E., & Siedlecki, K. L. (2004). Construct validity and age sensitivity of prospective memory. Memory & Cognition, 32, 1133–1148. doi:10.3758/BF03196887
  • Sarason, I. G. (1988). Anxiety, self-preoccupation and attention. Anxiety Research, 1(1), 3–7. doi:10.1080/10615808808248215
  • Schweizer, K. (2010). The relationship of attention and intelligence. In A. Gruszka, G. Matthiews, & B. Szymura (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in cognition: Attention, memory, and executive control (pp. 247–262). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Seibert, P. S., & Ellis, H. C. (1991). Irrelevant thoughts, emotional mood states, and cognitive task performance. Memory & Cognition, 19, 507–513. doi:10.3758/BF03199574
  • Seipp, B. (1991). Anxiety and academic performance: A meta-analysis of findings. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 4, 27–41.
  • Spearman, C. (1927). The abilities of man: Their nature and measurement. New York, NY: Macmillan.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene. R. E. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Tohill, J. M., & Holyoak, K. J. (2000). The impact of anxiety on analogical reasoning. Thinking & Reasoning, 6(1), 27–40. doi:10.1080/135467800393911
  • Unsworth, N., Fukuda, K., Awh, E., & Vogel, E. K. (2014). Working memory and fluid intelligence: Capacity, attention control, and secondary memory retrieval. Cognitive Psychology, 71, 1–26. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.01.003
  • Unsworth, N., Miller, J. D., Lakey, C. E., Young, D. L., Meeks, J. T, Campbell, W. K., & Goodie, A. S. (2009). Exploring the relations among executive functions, fluid intelligence, and personality. Journal of Individual Differences, 30, 194–200. doi:10.1027/1614-0001.30.4.194
  • Unsworth, N., Schrock, J. C., & Engle, R. W. (2004). Working memory capacity and the antisaccade task: Individual differences in voluntary saccade control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 30, 1302–1321. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.6.1302
  • Wiley, J., & Jarosz, A. F. (2012). How working memory capacity affects problem solving. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 56, 185–227. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-394393-4.00006-6
  • Wilhelm, O., Hildebrandt, A., & Oberauer, K. (2013). What is working memory capacity, and how can we measure it? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 433. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00433

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.