Vengeance is self-focused: Comparing vengeful to anger-driven responses

REFERENCES

• Anderson, C., John, O. P., & Keltner, D. (2012). The personal sense of power. Journal of Personality, 80, 313–344. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00734.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2001). How employees respond to personal offense: The effects of blame attribution, victim status, and offender status on revenge and reconciliation in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 52–49. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596–612. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.4.596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Elli, G., & Heyd, D. (1986). Can revenge be just or otherwise justified? Theoria, 52, 68–86. doi:10.1111/j.1755-2567.1986.tb00100.x
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A., & Wotman, S. R. (1990). Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives about anger. Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 59, 994–1005. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.5.994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Shakhar, G., Bornstein, G., Hopfensitz, A., & Van Winden, F. (2007). Reciprocity and emotions in bargaining using physiological and self-report measures. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28, 314–323. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2007.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boon, S. D., Alibhai, A. M., & Deveau, V. L. (2011). Reflections on the costs and benefits of exacting revenge in romantic relationships. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 43, 128–137. doi:10.1037/a0022367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsmith, K. M., Darley, J. M., & Robinson, P. H. (2002). Why do we punish? Deterrence and just deserts as motives for punishment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 284–299. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsmith, K. M., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). The paradoxical consequences of revenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1316–1324. doi:10.1037/a0012165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elshout, M., Nelissen, R. M. A., Elshout, S., Van Beest, I., & Van Dijk, W. W. (2014). Acts of revenge in real life. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Elshout, M., Nelissen, R. M. A., & Van Beest, I. (2014). What is vengeance? The vengeance prototype. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Elster, J. (1990). Norms of revenge. Ethics, 100, 862–885. doi:10.1086/293238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehr, E., & Fishbacher, U. (2004). Third-party punishment and social norms. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 63–87. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(04)00005-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature, 415, 137–140. doi:10.1038/415137a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, A. H., & Roseman, I. J. (2007). Beat them or ban them: The characteristics and social functions of anger and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 103–115. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, R. H. (1988). Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H. (1994). On vengeance. In S. H. M. van Goozen, N. E. van de Poll, & J. A. Sergeant (Eds.), Emotions: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 263–289). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H. (2007). The laws of emotion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer, M., & Bushman, B. J. (2012). Do victims of injustice punish to improve their mood? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 572–580. doi:10.1177/1948550611430552
   Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer, M., & Denzler, M. (2009). What makes revenge sweet: Seeing the offender suffer or delivering a message? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 840–844. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer, M., Meder, M., & Schmitt, M. (2011). What gives victims satisfaction when they seek revenge? European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 364–374. doi:10.1002/ejsp.782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. H., & Smith, R. H. (1993). Revenge and conflict escalation. Negotiation Journal, 9, 37–43. doi:10.1111/j.1571-9979.1993.tb00688.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. H., Smith, R. H., & Brigham, N. L. (1998). Effects of power imbalance and the presence of third parties on reactions to harm: Upward and downward revenge. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 353–361. doi:10.1177/0146167298244002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque, R. J. R. (2012). Revenge. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 2385–2386). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Kurzban, R., & Tabak, B. A. (2013). Cognitive systems for revenge and forgiveness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36, 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0140525X11002160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D. (2001). Disrespect and the experience of injustice. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 527–553. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nozick, R. (1981). Philosophical explanations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orth, U. (2004). Does perpetrator punishment satisfy victims’ feelings of revenge? Aggressive Behavior, 30, 62–70. doi:10.1002/ab.20003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seip, E. C., Van Dijk, W. W., & Rotteveel, M. (2014). Anger motivates costly punishment of unfair behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 38, 578–588. doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9395-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuckless, N., & Goranson, R. (1992). The vengeance scale: Development of a measure of attitudes toward revenge. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 25–42. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&UID=1992-33601-001
   Google Scholar
• Tangney, J. P., & Fischer, K. W (Eds.). (1995). Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (1997). What's good about revenge? The avenger's perspective. In R. J. Lewicki, R. J. Bies, & B. H. Sheppard, (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations (Vol. 6, pp. 145–160). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tripp, T. M., Bies, R. J., & Aquino, K. (2007). A vigilante model of justice: Revenge, reconciliation, forgiveness, and avoidance. Social Justice Research, 20, 10–34. doi:10.1007/s11211-007-0030-3
   Google Scholar
• Uniacke, S. (2000). Why is revenge wrong? The Journal of Value Inquiry, 34, 61–69. doi:10.1023/A:1004778229751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Dennen, J. M. G. (2003). De evolutionaire aspecten van wraak [The evolutionary aspects of vengeance]. Justitiële Verkenningen, 29, 73–87. Retrieved from http://wodc.nl/images/jv0305-artikel-06_tcm44-57804.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vos, J. M. C. (2003). Het vragende slachtoffer en de wrekende staat: De functie van wrok in een moderne rechtsstaat [The questioning victim and the avenging state: The function of resentment in the modern constitutional state]. Justitiële Verkenningen, 29, 31–45. Retrieved from http://wodc.nl/images/jv0305-artikel-03_tcm44-57801.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yamagishi, T. (1988). Seriousness of social dilemmas and the provision of a sanctioning system. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51, 32–42. doi:10.2307/2786982
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zdaniuk, A., & Bobocel, D. R. (2012). Vertical individualism and injustice: The self-restorative function of revenge. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 640–651. doi:10.1002/ejsp.1874
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zechmeister, J. S., & Romero, C. (2002). Victim and offender accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives of forgiveness and unforgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 675–686. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.4.675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar