Explaining effervescence: Investigating the relationship between shared social identity and positive experience in crowds

REFERENCES

• Alnabulsi, H., & Drury, J. (2014). Social identification moderates the effect of crowd density on safety at the Hajj. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 9091–9096. doi:10.1073/pnas.1404953111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumer, H. (1939). Collective behavior. In R. E. Park (Ed.). Principles of sociology (pp. 219–288). New York, NY: Barnes & Noble.
   Google Scholar
• Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (2005). Explaining enduring empowerment: A comparative study of collective action and psychological outcomes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(1), 35–58. doi:10.1002/ejsp.231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (2009). Collective psychological empowerment as a model of social change: Researching crowds and power. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 707–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drury, J., Cocking, C., Beale, J., Hanson, C., & Rapley, F. (2005). The phenomenology of empowerment in collective action. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 309–328. doi:10.1348/014466604X18523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkheim, É. (1912/1995). The elementary forms of religious life. (K. E. Fields, Trans.). New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich, B. (2006). Dancing in the streets. New York, NY: Metropolitan.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2010). Beyond beliefs: Religions bind individuals into moral communities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 140–150. doi:10.1177/1088868309353415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J., & Turner, J. C. (1999). Social identity salience and the emergence of stereotype consensus. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 809–818. doi:10.1177/0146167299025007004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2012). When prisoners take over the prison: A social psychology of resistance. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 154–179. doi:10.1177/1088868311419864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. Retrieved from http://www.personal.psu.edu/jxb14/M554/articles/process2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hess, U., Houde, S., & Fischer, A. (2014). Do we mimic what we see or what we know? In C. von Scheve & M. Salmela (Eds.), Collective emotions (pp. 94–107). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, N., Stevenson, C., Shankar, S., Pandey, K., Khan, S., & Tewari, S. ( 2015). Being together at the Magh Mela: The social psychology of crowds and collectivity. In T. Gale, A. Maddrell, & A. Terry (Eds.), Sacred mobilities. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, S. S., Hopkins, N., Reicher, S., Tewari, S., Srinivasan, N., & Stevenson, C. ( in press a). Shared identity predicts enhanced health at a mass gathering. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. doi:10.1177/1368430214556703
   Google Scholar
• Khan, S. S., Hopkins, N., Reicher, S., Tewari, S., Srinivasan, N., & Stevenson, C. ( in press b). How collective participation impacts social identity: A longitudinal study from India. Political Psychology. doi:10.1111/pops.12260
   Google Scholar
• Lawler, E. J., Thye, S. R., & Yoon, J. (2014) The emergence of collective emotions in social exchange. In C. von Scheve & M. Salmela (Eds.), Collective emotions (pp. 189–203). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levine, M., Prosser, A., Evans, D., & Reicher, S. (2005). Identity and emergency intervention: How social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 443–453. doi:10.1177/0146167204271651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Bon, G. (1895/1947). The crowd: A study of the popular mind. London: Ernest Benn.
   Google Scholar
• McPhail, C. (1991). The myth of the madding crowd. Berlin: Aldine de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Messerschmidt, D. A., & Sharma, J. (1981). Hindu pilgrimage in the Nepal Himalayas. Current Anthropology, 22, 571–572. doi:10.1086/202727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neville, F., & Reicher, S. (2011). The experience of collective participation: Shared identity, relatedness and emotionality. Contemporary Social Science, 6, 377–396. doi:10.1080/21582041.2012.627277
   Google Scholar
• Novelli, D., Drury, J., & Reicher, S. D. (2010). Come together: Two studies concerning the impact of group relations on ‘personal space’. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 223–236. doi:10.1348/014466609X449377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novelli, D., Drury, J., Reicher, S., & Stott, C. (2013). Crowdedness mediates the effect of social identification on positive emotion in a crowd: A survey of two crowd events. PLoS One, 8, e78983. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaveson, T. (2001). Collective effervescence and communitas: Processual models of ritual and society in Emile Durkheim and Victor Turner. Dialectical Anthropology, 26(2), 89–124. doi:10.1023/A:1020447706406
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, K., Stevenson, C., Shankar, S., Hopkins, N., & Reicher, S. (2014). Cold comfort at the Magh Mela: Social identity processes and physical hardship. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53, 675–690. doi:10.1111/bjso.12054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paranjape, A. C. (1999). Self and identity in modern psychology and Indian thought. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Pehrson, S., Stevenson, C. Muldoon, O. T., & Reicher, S. D. (2013). Is everyone Irish on St Patrick's Day? Divergent expectations and experiences of collective self-objectification at a multicultural parade. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53, 249–264. doi:10.1111/bjso.12029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag Magh Mela Research Group. (2007). Experiencing the Magh Mela at Prayag: Crowds, categories and social relations. Psychological Studies, 52, 311–319.
   Google Scholar
• Reicher, S. D. (1984). The St. Pauls’ Riot: An explanation of the limits of crowd action in terms of a social identity model. European Journal of Social Psychology, 14, 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reicher, S. D. (1987). Crowd behavior as social action. In J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher, & M. C. Wetherell (Eds.), Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory (pp. 171–202). Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Reicher, S. D. (2001). The psychology of crowd dynamics. In M. Hogg & S. Tindale (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Group processes (pp. 182–208). Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Renger, D., & Simon, B. (2011). Social recognition as an equal: The role of equality-based respect in group life. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 501–507. doi:10.1002/ejsp.814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallnow, M. J. (1981). Communitas reconsidered: The sociology of Andean pilgrimage. Man, 16, 163–182. doi:10.2307/2801393
   Google Scholar
• Shankar, S., Stevenson, C., Pandey, K., Tewari, S., Hopkins, N. P., & Reicher, S. D. (2013). A calming cacophony: Social identity can shape the experience of loud noise. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 87–95. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stott, C. J., & Drury, J. (2000). Crowds, context and identity: Dynamic categorization processes in the ‘poll tax riot’. Human Relations, 53, 247–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stott, C. J., Hutchison, P., & Drury, J. (2001). ‘Hooligans’ abroad? Inter-group dynamics, social identity and participation in collective ‘disorder’ at the 1998 World Cup Finals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 359–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel & L. W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 2–24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Tewari, S., Khan, S., Hopkins, N., Srinivasan, N., & Reicher, S. D. (2012). Participation in mass gatherings can benefit well-being: Longitudinal and control data from a North Indian Hindu pilgrimage event. PLoS One, 7(10): e47291. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, E. P. (1971). The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century. Past and Present, 50(1), 76–136. doi:10.1093/past/50.1.76
   Google Scholar
• Turner, R. H., & Killian, L. M. (1972). Collective behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. C. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & McGarty, C. (1994). Self and collective: Cognition and social context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 454–463. doi:10.1177/0146167294205002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, T. R., & Blader, S. L. (2000). Cooperation in groups: Procedural justice, social identity, and behavioral engagement. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• von Scheve, C., & Salmela, M. (2014). Collective emotions: An introduction. In C. von Scheve & M. Salmela (Eds.), Collective emotions (pp. xiii–xxv). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wakefield, J. R. H., Hopkins, N., Cockburn, C., Shek, K. M., Muirhead, A., Reicher, S., & van Rijswijk, W. (2011). The impact of adopting ethnic or civic conceptions of national belonging for others’ treatment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1599–1610. doi:10.1177/0146167211416131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2010). Religiosity as identity: Toward an understanding of religion from a social identity perspective. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 14, 60–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar