REFERENCES
- Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rockland, C., & Damasio, A. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science, 269, 1115–1118. doi:10.1126/science.7652558
- Beckers, T., Krypotos, A.-M., Boddez, Y., Effting, M., & Kindt, M. (2013). What's wrong with fear conditioning? Biological Psychology, 92(1), 90–96. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.015
- Blumenthal, T. D., Cuthbert, B. N., Filion, D. L., Hackley, S., Lipp, O. V., & van Boxtel, A. (2005). Committee report: Guidelines for human startle eyeblink electromyographic studies. Psychophysiology, 42(1), 1–15. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00271.x
- Boucsein, W., Fowles, D. C., Grimnes, S., Ben-Shakhar, G., Roth, W. T., Dawson, M. E., & Filion, D. L. (2012). Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements. Psychophysiology, 49, 1017–1034. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01384.x
- Bouton, M. E., & Bolles, R. C. (1979). Role of conditioned contextual stimuli in reinstatement of extinguished fear. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes, 5, 368–378. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.5.4.368
- Cook, S. W., & Harris, R. E. (1937). The verbal conditioning of the galvanic skin reflex. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 202–210. doi:10.1037/h0063197
- Costa, V. D., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2015). From threat to safety: Instructed reversal of defensive reactions. Psychophysiology, 52, 325–332. doi:10.1111/psyp.12359
- Davis, M. (2006). Neural systems involved in fear and anxiety measured with fear-potentiated startle. The American Psychologist, 61, 741–756. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.8.741
- Dawson, M., Schell, A., & Banis, H. (1986). Greater resistance to extinction of electrodermal responses conditioned to potentially phobic CSs: A noncognitive process? Psychophysiology, 23, 552–561. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00673.x
- Dawson, M. E., Rissling, A. J., Schell, A. M., & Wilcox, R. (2007). Under what conditions can human affective conditioning occur without contingency awareness? Test of the evaluative conditioning paradigm. Emotion, 7, 755–766. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.755
- De Houwer, J. (2009). The propositional approach to associative learning as an alternative for association formation models. Learning & Behavior, 37(1), 1–20. doi:10.3758/LB.37.1.1
- Dirikx, T., Vansteenwegen, D., Eelen, P., & Hermans, D. (2009). Non-differential return of fear in humans after a reinstatement procedure. Acta Psychologica, 130, 175–182. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.12.002
- Egliston, K.-A., & Rapee, R. M. (2007). Inhibition of fear acquisition in toddlers following positive modelling by their mothers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1871–1882. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.02.007
- Field, A. P. (2006). Is conditioning a useful framework for understanding the development and treatment of phobias? Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 857–875. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.010
- Field, A. P., & Storksen-Coulson, H. (2007). The interaction of pathways to fear in childhood anxiety: A preliminary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 3051–3059. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.001
- Golkar, A., Selbing, I., Flygare, O., Ohman, A., & Olsson, A. (2013). Other people as means to a safe end: Vicarious extinction blocks the return of learned fear. Psychological Science, 24, 2182–2190. doi:10.1177/0956797613489890
- Grillon, C., Ameli, R., Woods, S. W., Merikangas, K., & Davis, M. (1991). Fear-potentiated startle in humans: Effects of anticipatory anxiety on the acoustic blink reflex. Psychophysiology, 28, 588–595. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb01999.x
- Grings, W. W. (1973). Cognitive factors in electrodermal conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 200–210. doi:10.1037/h0033883
- Haaker, J., Golkar, A., Hermans, D., & Lonsdorf, T. B. (2014). A review on human reinstatement studies: An overview and methodological challenges. Learning & Memory, 21, 424–440. doi:10.1101/lm.036053.114
- Hamm, A. O., & Weike, A. I. (2005). The neuropsychology of fear learning and fear regulation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 57(1), 5–14. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.01.006
- Hofmann, W., De Houwer, J., Perugini, M., Baeyens, F., & Crombez, G. (2010). Evaluative conditioning in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 390–421. doi:10.1037/a0018916
- Hugdahl, K. (1978). Electrodermal conditioning to potentially phobic stimuli: Effects of instructed extinction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 315–321. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(78)90001-3
- Hugdahl, K., & Öhman, A. (1977). Effects of instruction on acquisition and extinction of electrodermal responses to fear-relevant stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Learning and Memory, 3, 608–618. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.3.5.608
- Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97, 377–395. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.377
- Lipp, O. V., & Edwards, M. S. (2002). Effect of instructed extinction on verbal and autonomic indices of Pavlovian learning with fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant conditional stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology, 16, 176–186. doi:10.1027//0269-8803.16.3.176
- Lovibond, P. F. (2003). Causal beliefs and conditioned responses: Retrospective revaluation induced by experience and by instruction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(1), 97–106. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.1.97
- Mauss, I., & Robinson, M. D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 209–237. doi:10.1080/02699930802204677
- McAndrew, A., Jones, F. W., McLaren, R. P., & McLaren, I. P. L. (2012). Dissociating expectancy of shock and changes in skin conductance: An investigation of the Perruchet effect using an electrodermal paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes, 38, 203–208. doi:10.1037/a0026718
- McNally, R. J. (1981). Phobias and preparedness: Instructional reversal of electrodermalconditioning to fear-relevant stimuli. Psychological Reports, 48, 175–180. doi:10.2466/pr0.1981.48.1.175
- Mineka, S., & Cook, M. (1986). Immunization against the observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 307–318. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.95.4.307
- Mineka, S., & Zinbarg, R. (2006). A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: It's not what you thought it was. The American Psychologist, 61(1), 10–26. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.1.10
- Mitchell, C. J., De Houwer, J., & Lovibond, P. F. (2009). The propositional nature of human associative learning. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 183–198; discussion 198–246. doi:10.1017/S0140525X09000855
- Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483–522. doi:10.1037//0033-295X.108.3.483
- Olsson, A., & Phelps, E. A. (2004). Learned fear of “unseen” faces after Pavlovian, observational, and instructed fear. Psychological Science, 15, 822–828. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00762.x
- Olsson, A., & Phelps, E. A. (2007). Social learning of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 1095–1102. doi:10.1038/nn1968
- Rachman, S. (1977). The conditioning theory of fear-acquisition: A critical examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 375–387. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(77)90041-9
- Raes, A. K., De Houwer, J., De Schryver, M., Brass, M., & Kalisch, R. (2014). Do CS-US pairings actually matter? A within-subject comparison of instructed fear conditioning with and without actual CS-US pairings. PLoS One, 9, e84888. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084888
- Reiss, S. (1980). Pavlovian conditioning and human fear: An expectancy model. Behavior Therapy, 11, 380–396. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(80)80054-2
- Rescorla, R. A., & Heth, C. D. (1975). Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes, 1(1), 88–96. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.1.1.88
- Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2012a). Instructed extinction differentially affects the emotional and cognitive expression of associative fear memory. Psychophysiology, 49, 1426–1435. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01450.x
- Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2012b). Retrieval per se is not sufficient to trigger reconsolidation of human fear memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 97, 338–345. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2012.01.009
- Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2014). Fear conditioning of SCR but not the startle reflex requires conscious discrimination of threat and safety. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 32. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00032
- Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2012). Erasing fear for an imagined threat event. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1769–1779. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.011
- Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Ugland, C. C. O., Dyson, B. J., & Field, A. P. (2013). An ERP study of the interaction between verbal information and conditioning pathways to fear. Biological Psychology, 92(1), 69–81. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.003
- Vervliet, B., Baeyens, F., Van den Bergh, O., & Hermans, D. (2013). Extinction, generalization, and return of fear: A critical review of renewal research in humans. Biological Psychology, 92(1), 51–58. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.01.006
- White, K., & Davey, G. C. L. (1989). Sensory preconditioning and UCS inflation in human “fear” conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 161–166. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90074-0