Bending rules: the shape of the perceptual generalisation gradient is sensitive to inference rules

References

• Ahmed, O., & Lovibond, P. F. (2015a). The impact of previously learned feature-relevance on generalisation of conditioned fear in humans. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 46, 59–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, O., & Lovibond, P. F. (2015b). The impact of instructions on generalization of conditioned fear in humans. Behavior therapy, 46, 597–603. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeyens, F., Crombez, G., De Houwer, J., & Eelen, P. (1996). No evidence for modulation of evaluative flavor-flavor associations in humans. Learning and Motivation, 27, 200–241. doi: 10.1006/lmot.1996.0012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeyens, F., Hendrickx, H., Crombez, G., & Hermans, D. (1998). Neither extended sequential nor simultaneous feature positive training result in modulation of evaluative flavor conditioning in humans. Appetite, 31, 185–204. doi: 10.1006/appe.1998.0167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeyens, F., Vansteenwegen, D., & Hermans, D. (2009). Associative learning requires associations, not propositions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 198–199. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X09000867
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddez, Y., Baeyens, F., Hermans, D., & Beckers, T. (2013). A learning theory approach to anxiety disorders: Human fear conditioning and the added value of complex acquisition procedures. In P. Emmelkamp & T. Ehring (Eds.), International handbook of anxiety disorders: Theory, research and practice (pp. 85–103). London: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Boddez, Y., Baeyens, F., Hermans, D., Van der Oord, S., & Beckers, T. (2013). Increasing the selectivity of threat through post-training instructions: Identifying one stimulus as source of danger reduces the threat value of surrounding stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 4, 315–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddez, Y., Baeyens, F., Luyten, L., Vansteenwegen, D., Hermans, D., & Beckers, T. (2013). Rating data are underrated: Validity of US expectancy in human fear conditioning. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 201–206. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddez, Y., Callaerts-Vegh, Z., Vervliet, B., Baeyens, F., D’Hooge, R., Hermans, D., … Beckers, T. (2012). Stimulus generalization and return of fear in C57BL/6J mice. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 6, art. nr. 41. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, R. R., & Mosteller, F. (1951). A model for stimulus generalization and discrimination. Psychological Review, 58, 413–423. doi: 10.1037/h0054576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, C. K., & Lovibond, P. F. (1996). Expectancy bias in trait anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 637–647. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.105.4.637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craddock, P., Molet, M., & Miller, R. R. (2012). Reaction time as a measure of human associative learning. Behavioural Processes, 90, 189–197. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craske, M. G., Hermans, D., & Vansteenwegen, D. (2006). Fear and learning: From basic processes to clinical implications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• De Houwer, J. (2011). Why the cognitive approach in psychology would profit from a functional approach and vice versa. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 202–209. doi: 10.1177/1745691611400238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer, J. (2014). Why a propositional single-process model of associative learning deserves to be defended. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-Process Theories of the Social Mind (pp. 530–541). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• De Houwer, J., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Moors, A. (2013). What is learning? On the nature and merits of a functional definition of learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 631–642. doi: 10.3758/s13423-013-0386-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer, J., & Hughes, S. (in press). Environmental regularities as a concept for carving up the realm of learning research: Implications for relational frame theory. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.07.002
   Google Scholar
• Dunsmoor, J. E., & Murphy, G. L. (2015). Categories, concepts, and conditioning: How humans generalize fear. Trends in cognitive sciences, 19, 73–77. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dymond, S., Dunsmoor, J. E., Vervliet, B., Roche, B., & Hermans, D. (2015). Fear generalization in humans: Systematic review and implications for anxiety disorder research. Behavior Therapy, 46, 561–582. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dymond, S., Roche, B., Forsyth, J. P., Whelan, R., & Rhoden, J. (2007). Transformation of avoidance response functions in accordance with the relational frames of same and opposite. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 88, 249–262. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2007.22-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dymond, S., Roche, B., Forsyth, J. P., Whelan, R., & Rhoden, J. (2008). Derived avoidance learning: Transformation of avoidance response functions in accordance with the relational frames of same and opposite. The Psychological Record, 58, 271–288. doi: 10.1007/BF03395615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghirlanda, S., & Enquist, M. (2003). A century of generalization. Animal Behaviour, 66, 15–36. doi: 10.1006/anbe.2003.2174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenaert, B., Boddez, Y., Griffith, J. W., Vervliet, B., Schruers, K., & Hermans, D. (2014). Aversive learning and generalization predict subclinical levels of anxiety: A six-month longitudinal study. Journal of anxiety disorders, 28, 747–753. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissek, S., Powers, A. S., McClure, E. B., Phelps, E. A., Woldehawariat, G., Grillon, C., … Pine, D. S. (2005). Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1391–1424. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissek, S., Rabin, S., Heller, R., Lukenbaugh, D., Geraci, M., Pine, D., … Grillon, C. (2010). Overgeneralization of conditioned fear as a pathogenic marker of panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 47–55. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond, P. F. (2003). Causal beliefs and conditioned responses: Retrospective revaluation induced by experience and by instruction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 97–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luck, C. C., & Lipp, O. V. (2015). A potential pathway to the relapse of fear? Conditioned negative stimulus evaluation (but not physiological responses) resists instructed extinction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 66, 18–31. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes, E., De Filippo, G., Inkster, A. B., Lea, S. E., De Houwer, J., D’Hooge, R., … Wills, A. J. (2015). Feature-versus rule-based generalization in rats, pigeons and humans. Animal cognition, 18, 1267–1284. doi: 10.1007/s10071-015-0895-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matute, H., Steegen, S., & Vadillo, M. A. (2014). Outcome probability modulates anticipatory behavior to signals that are equally reliable. Adaptive behavior, 22, 207–216. doi: 10.1177/1059712314527005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren, I. P., Forrest, C. L. D., McLaren, R. P., Jones, F. W., Aitken, M. R. F., & Mackintosh, N. J. (2014). Associations and propositions: The case for a dual-process account of learning in humans. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 108, 185–195. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren, I. P. L., & Mackintosh, N. J. (2000). An elemental model of associative learning: I. Latent inhibition and perceptual learning. Animal Learning & Behavior, 28, 211–246. doi: 10.3758/BF03200258
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, C. J., De Houwer, J., & Lovibond, P. F. (2009). The propositional nature of human associative learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 183–198. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X09000855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, C. J., & Lovibond, P. F. (2002). Backward and forward blocking in human electrodermal conditioning: Blocking requires an assumption of outcome additivity. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section B, 55, 311–329. doi: 10.1080/02724990244000025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. M. (1987). A model for stimulus-generalization in Pavlovian conditioning. Psychological Review, 94, 61–73. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.94.1.61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla, R. A. (1976). Stimulus generalization: Some predictions from a model of Pavlovian conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2, 88–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla, R. A., & Furrow, D. R. (1977). Stimulus similarity as a determinant of Pavlovian conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 3, 203–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spruyt, A., Clarysse, J., Vansteenwegen, D., Baeyens, F., & Hermans, D. (2010). Affect 4.0: A free software package for implementing psychological and psychophysiological experiments. Experimental Psychology, 57, 36–45. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vansteenwegen, D., Francken, G., Vervliet, B., De Clercq, A., & Eelen, P. (2006). Resistance to extinction in evaluative conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 32, 71–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vervliet, B., Kindt, M., Vansteenwegen, D., & Hermans, D. (2010). Fear generalization in humans: Impact of verbal instructions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 38–43. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vervliet, B., Vansteenwegen, D., Baeyens, F., Hermans, D., & Eelen, P. (2005). Return of fear in a human differential conditioning paradigm caused by a stimulus change after extinction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 357–371. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vervoort, E., Vervliet, B., Bennett, M., & Baeyens, F. (2014). Generalization of human fear acquisition and extinction within a novel arbitrary stimulus category. PLoS One, 9, art. nr. e96569. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar