Empathising with the enemy: emotion regulation and support for humanitarian aid in violent conflicts

References

• Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle, J. L. (2012). IBM^® SPSS^® Amos™ 21 User’s Guide. Chicago, IL: IBM Software Group.
   Google Scholar
• Arian, A., Kroulwel, A., Pol, M., & Ventura, R. (2011). The election compass: Party, profiling and voter attitudes. In A. Arian & M. Shamir (Eds.), The elections in Israel 2009 (pp. 275–298). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Arian, A., & Shamir, M. (1983). The primarily political functions of the left-right continuum. Comparative Politics, 15, 139–158. doi: 10.2307/421673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Tal, D. (2000). Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bar-Tal, D., Halperin, E., & de-Rivera, J. (2007). Collective emotions in conflict situations: Societal implications. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 441–460. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00518.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 65–122). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., Chang, J., Orr, R., & Rowland, J. (2002). Empathy, attitudes and action: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group motivate one to help the group? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1656–1666. doi: 10.1177/014616702237647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., Early, S., & Salvarani, G. (1997). Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus imagining how you would feel. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 751–758. doi: 10.1177/0146167297237008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Porat, G., & Feniger, Y. (2014). Unpacking secularization: Structural changes, individual choices and ethnic paths. Ethnicities, 14, 91–112. doi: 10.1177/1468796813483443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods Research, 17, 303–316. doi: 10.1177/0049124189017003004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers, R., Gullone, E., & Allen, N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 560–572. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung-Blunden, V., & Blunden, B. (2008). The emotional construal of war: Anger, fear and other negative emotions. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 14, 123–149. doi: 10.1080/10781910802017289
   Google Scholar
• Cikara, M., Bruneau, E., & Saxe, R. (2011). Us and them: Intergroup failures of empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 149–153. doi: 10.1177/0963721411408713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, M. H. (1983). The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality, 51, 167–184. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00860.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Canadian Psychology, 49, 14–23. doi: 10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Schultz, P. P., & Niemiec, C. P. (2015). Being aware and functioning fully: Mindfulness and interest-taking within self-determination theory. In K. W. Brown, J. D. Creswell, & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 112–129). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Eggum, N. D., & Di Giunta, L. (2010). Empathy related responding: Associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 4, 143–180. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2010.01020.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial development. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 646–718). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Shea, C. L., Carlo, G., & Knight, G. (1991). Empathy-related responding and cognition: A “chicken and the egg” dilemma. In W. Kurtines & J. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development: Vol. 2. Research (pp. 63–88). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Federico, C. M., & Sidanius, J. (2002). Sophistication and the antecedents of whites’ racial policy attitudes: Racism, ideology, and affirmative action in America. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66, 145–176. doi: 10.1086/339848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feshbach, N. D. (1979). Empathy training: A field study in affective education. In S. Feshbach & A. Fraezek (Eds.), Aggression and behavior change: Biological and social processes (pp. 234–249). New York, NY: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 351–374. doi: 10.1037/a0018807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291. doi: 10.1017/S0048577201393198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., Halperin, E., & Porat, R. (2013). Emotion regulation in intractable conflicts. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 423–429. doi: 10.1177/0963721413495871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halperin, E. (2011). Emotional barriers to peace: Emotions and public opinion of Jewish Israelis about the peace process in the Middle East. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 17, 22–45. doi: 10.1080/10781919.2010.487862
   Google Scholar
• Halperin, E. (2016). Emotions in conflicts. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Halperin, E., Bar-Tal, D., Sharvit, K., Rosler, N., & Raviv, A. (2010). Socio-psychological implications for an occupying society: The case of Israel. Journal of Peace Research, 47, 59–70. doi: 10.1177/0022343309350013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halperin, E., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Emotion regulation in violent conflict: Reappraisal, hope, and support for humanitarian aid to the opponent in wartime. Cognition & Emotion, 25, 1228–1236. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.536081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halperin, E., Pliskin, R., Saguy, T., Liberman, V., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation and the cultivation of political tolerance: Searching for a new track for intervention. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58, 1110–1138. doi: 10.1177/0022002713492636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halperin, E., Porat, R., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2013). Can emotion regulation change political attitudes in intractable conflicts? From the laboratory to the field. Psychological Science, 24, 106–111. doi: 10.1177/0956797612452572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. L. (1984). Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognitions, and behavior (pp. 103–131). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• ICBS. (2009). Statistical Abstract. Jerusalem: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Jarymowicz, M., & Bar-Tal, D. (2006). The dominance of fear over hope in the life of individuals and collectives. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 367–392. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T. (2006). The end of the end of ideology. American Psychologist, 61, 651–670. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. L. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and elective affinities. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 307–337. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. R. (Eds.). (1994). Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Maoz, I., & McCauley, C. (2008). Threat, dehumanization, and support for retaliatory aggressive policies in asymmetric conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52, 93–116. doi: 10.1177/0022002707308597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, J. D., Mamberg, M., & Volanth, A. J. (1988). The experience and meta-experience of mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 102–111. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napier, J. L., & Jost, J. T. (2008). Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Psychological Science, 19, 565–572. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02124.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen, R. D. (2002). Understanding ethnic violence: Fear, hatred, and resentment in twentieth century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751–783. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelan, J. E., & Basow, S. A. (2007). College students’ attitudes toward mental illness: An examination of the stigma process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 37, 2877–2902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett, J. T., Baker, T., Metcalfe, C., Gertz, M., & Bellandi, R. (2014). Contact and compromise: Explaining support for conciliatory measures in the context of violent intergroup conflict. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51, 585–619. doi: 10.1177/0022427814528182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliskin, R., Bar-Tal, D., Sheppes, G., & Haperin, E. (2014). Are leftists more emotion-driven than rightists? The interactive influence of ideology and emotions on support for policies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 1681–1697. doi: 10.1177/0146167214554589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185–227. doi: 10.1080/00273170701341316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, G., & Assor, A. (2010). Parental conditional regard as a predictor of deficiencies in young children’s capacities to respond to sad feelings. Infant and Child Development, 19, 465–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, G., & Assor, A. (2012). The costs of parental pressure to express emotions: Conditional regard and autonomy support as predictors of emotion regulation and intimacy. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 799–808. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, G., Assor, A., Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). The emotional and academic consequences of parental conditional regard: Comparing conditional positive regard, conditional negative regard, and autonomy support as parenting practices. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1119–1142. doi: 10.1037/a0015272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, G., Benita, M., Amrani, C., Shachar, B. H., Asoulin, H., Moed, A., … Kanat-Maymon, Y. (2014). Integration of negative emotional experience versus suppression: Addressing the question of adaptive functioning. Emotion, 14, 908–919. doi: 10.1037/a0037051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. In S. Fiske (Ed.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 52, pp. 141–166). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., Grolnick, W. S., & La Guardia, J. G. (2006). The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1. Theory and methods (2nd ed., pp. 295–849). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the trait meta-mood scale. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 125–154). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Shih, M., Wang, E., Bucher, A. T., & Stotzer, R. (2009). Perspective taking: Reducing prejudice towards general outgroups and specific individuals. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12, 565–577. doi: 10.1177/1368430209337463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vansteenkiste, M., Niemiec, C. P., & Soenens, B. (2010). The development of the five mini-theories of self-determination theory: An historical overview, emerging trends, and future directions. In T. C. Urdan & S. A. Karabenick (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement, v. 16A – the decade ahead: Theoretical perspectives on motivation and achievement (pp. 105–165). London: Emerald Group.
   Google Scholar