1,299
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Attentional bias during emotional processing: evidence from an emotional flanker task using IAPS

, ORCID Icon, &
Pages 275-285 | Received 10 May 2016, Accepted 16 Feb 2017, Published online: 14 Mar 2017

References

  • Bishop, S. J. (2008). Neural mechanisms underlying selective attention to threat. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1129, 141–152. doi: 10.1196/annals.1417.016
  • Bishop, S. J., Duncan, M., Brett, M., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004). Prefrontal cortical function and anxiety: Controlling attention to threatrelated stimuli. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 184–188. doi: 10.1038/nn1173
  • Bishop, S. J., Duncan, J., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004). State anxiety modulation of the amygdala response to unattended threat-related stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 10364–10368. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2550-04.2004
  • Buetti, S., Lleras, A., & Moore, C. M. (2014). The flanker effect does not reflect the processing of “task-irrelevant” stimuli: Evidence from inattentional blindness. Psychonomic Bulleting & Review, 21, 1231–1237. doi: 10.3758/s13423-014-0602-9
  • Calvo, M. G., Dolores Castillo, M., & Fuentes, L. J. (2006). Processing of “unattended” threat-related information: Role of emotional content and context. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 1049–1074. doi: 10.1080/02699930500298351
  • Cisler, J. M., & Koster, E. H. (2010). Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 203–216. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.
  • de Jong, P. J., & Martens, S. (2007). Detection of emotional expressions in rapidly changing facial displays in high- and low-socially anxious women. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1285–1294. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.10.003
  • Dennis, T. A., Chen, C. C., & McCandliss, B. D. (2008). Threat-related attentional biases: An analysis of three attention systems. Depression and Anxiety, 25, E1–E10. doi: 10.1002/da.20308
  • Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143–149. doi: 10.3758/BF03203267
  • Faucher, L., & Tappolet, C. (2002). Fear and the focus of attention. Consciousness & Emotion, 3, 105–144. doi: 10.1075/ce.3.2.02fau
  • Fenske, M. J., & Eastwood, J. D. (2003). Modulation of focused attention by faces expressing emotion: Evidence from flanker tasks. Emotion, 3, 327–343. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.3.4.327
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). London: Sage.
  • Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Wright, J. H. (1994). The structure of attentional control: Contingent attentional capture by apparent motion, abrupt onset, and color. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 20, 317–329. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.20.2.317
  • Fox, E., & Damjanovic, L. (2006). The eyes are sufficient to produce a threat superiority effect. Emotion, 6, 534–539. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.534
  • Fox, E., Derakshan, N., & Shoker, L. (2008). Trait anxiety modulates the electrophysiological indices of rapid spatial orienting towards angry faces. Neuroreport, 19, 259–263. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f53d2a
  • Fox, E., Griggs, L., & Mouchlianitis, E. (2007). The detection of fear-relevant stimuli: Are guns noticed as quickly as snakes? Emotion, 7, 691–696. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.691
  • Fox, E., Mathews, A., Calder, A. J., & Yiend, J. (2007). Anxiety and sensitivity to gaze direction in emotionally expressive faces. Emotion, 7, 478–486. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.478
  • Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K. (2001). Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 130, 681–700. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.681
  • Horstmann, G., & Bauland, A. (2006). Search asymmetries with real faces: Testing the anger-superiority effect. Emotion, 6, 193–207. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.193
  • Horstmann, G., Borgstedt, K., & Heumann, M. (2006). Flanker effects with faces may depend on perceptual as well as emotional differences. Emotion, 6, 28–39. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.28
  • Hygge, S., & Ohman, A. (1978). Modeling processes in the acquisition of fears: Vicarious electrodermal conditioning to fear-relevant stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 271–279. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.36.3.271
  • Koster, E. H., Crombez, G., Van, D. S., Verschuere, B., & De Houwer, H. J. (2004). Does imminent threat capture and hold attention? Emotion, 4, 312–317. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.3.312
  • Koster, E. H., Crombez, G., Verschuere, B., & De Houwer, J. (2004). Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm: Differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(10), 1183–1192. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.001
  • Koster, E. H., Crombez, G., Verschuere, B., Vanvolsem, P., & De, H. J. (2007). A time-course analysis of attentional cueing by threatening scenes. Experimental Psychology, 54, 161–171. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169.54.2.161
  • Koster, E. H., Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., & Van Damme, S. (2005). Time-course of attention for threatening pictures in high and low trait anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1087–1098. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.004
  • Lang, P. J., Ohman, A., & Vaitl, D. (1988). The international affective picture system (photographic slides). Gainesville: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
  • Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed.). London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal Abnormal Psychology, 95, 15–20. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.15
  • Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., de, B. J., & Painter, M. (1997). Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 297–303. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00109-X
  • Ohman, A., & Dimberg, U. (1978). Facial expressions as conditioned stimuli for electrodermal responses: A case of “preparedness”? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1251–1258. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.36.11.1251
  • Ohman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001). The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 381–396. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.381
  • Psychology Software Tools Inc. (1996). E-Prime (Version 1.1.4.15) psychology software tools. Retrieved from http://www.pstnet.com/products/e-prime/
  • Szekely, A., Jacobsen, T., D’Amico, S., Devescovi, A., Andonova, E., Herron, D., … Bates, E. (2004). A new on-line resource for psycholinguistic studies. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 247–250. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2004.03.002
  • Thomas, S. J., Gonsalvez, C. J., & Johnstone, S. J. (2013). Neural time course of threat-related attentional bias and interference in panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Biological Psychology, 94, 116–129. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.012
  • Tipples, J., & Sharma, D. (2000). Orienting to exogenous cues and attentional bias to affective pictures reflect separate processes. British Journal of Psychology, 91, 87–97. doi: 10.1348/000712600161691
  • Vasey, M. W., el-Hag, N., & Daleiden, E. L. (1996). Anxiety and the processing of emotionally threatening stimuli: Distinctive patterns of selective attention among high- and low-test-anxious children. Child Development, 67, 1173–1185. doi: 10.2307/1131886
  • Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001). Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron, 30, 829–841. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00328-2
  • Wilson, E., & MacLeod, C. (2003). Contrasting two accounts of anxiety-linked attentional bias: Selective attention to varying levels of stimulus threat intensity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 212–218. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.112.2.212
  • Wojciulik, E., Kanwisher, N., & Driver, J. (1998). Covert visual attention modulates face-specific activity in the human fusiform gyrus: FMRI study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 79, 1574–1578. doi: 10.1152/jn.1998.79.3.1574
  • Yiend, J. (2010). The effects of emotion on attention: A review of attentional processing of emotional information. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 3–47. doi: 10.1080/02699930903205698
  • Yiend, J., & Mathews, A. (2001). Anxiety and attention to threatening pictures. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology, 54, 665–681. doi: 10.1080/713755991
  • Zhou, P., & Liu, X. (2013). Attentional modulation of emotional conflict processing with flanker tasks. PLoS One, 8, e60548. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060548

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.