“So Happy I Could Shout!” and “So Happy I Could Cry!” Dimorphous expressions represent and communicate motivational aspects of positive emotions

References

• Adams, R. B., Ambady, N., Macrae, C. N., & Kleck, R. E. (2006). Emotional expressions forecast approach-avoidance behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 30(2), 177–186. doi: 10.1007/s11031-006-9020-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambadar, Z., Cohn, J. F., & Reed, L. I. (2009). All smiles are not created equal: Morphology and timing of smiles perceived as amused, polite, and embarrassed/nervous. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33(1), 17–34. doi: 10.1007/s10919-008-0059-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansfield, M. E. (2007). Smiling when distressed: When a smile is a frown turned upside down. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(6), 763–775. doi: 10.1177/0146167206297398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aragón, O. R. (2017). “Tears of joy,” and “tears and joy? ” Personal accounts of dimorphous and mixed expressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion. doi: 10.1007/s11031-017-9606-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aragón, O. R. (in press). “I couldn't help but to cry!” “I couldn't help but to yell ‘Yes!’” Dimorphous expressions inform consumers of users' motivational orientations. Advances in Consumer Research, 44.
   Google Scholar
• Aragón, O. R., & Clark, M. S. (2017a). “Tears of joy” & “Smiles of joy” prompt distinct patterns of interpersonal emotion regulation. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Aragón, O. R., & Clark, M. S. (2017b). A theory of dimorphous expression of emotion. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Aragón, O. R., Clark, M. S., Dyer, R. L., & Bargh, J. A. (2015). Dimorphous expressions of positive emotion: displays of both care and aggression in response to cute stimuli. Psychological Science, 26(3), 259–273. doi: 10.1177/0956797614561044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviezer, H., Trope, Y., & Todorov, A. (2012). Body cues, not facial expressions, discriminate between intense positive and negative emotions. Science, 338(6111), 1225–1229. doi: 10.1126/science.1224313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2007). The experience of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 373–403. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge, K. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2015). Pleasure systems in the brain. Neuron, 86(3), 646–664. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2003). Parsing reward. Trends in Neurosciences, 26(9), 507–513. doi: 10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00233-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E., & Aldridge, J. W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward: ‘liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning. Current Opinions in Pharmacology, 9(1), 65–73. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G., & Keltner, D. (2004). Brief report the coherence of emotion systems: Comparing “on-line” measures of appraisal and facial expressions, and self-report. Cognition & Emotion, 18(3), 431–444. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, J. M., & Russell, J. A. (1996). Do facial expressions signal specific emotions? Judging emotion from the face in context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 205–218. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of emotions in man and animals (Vol. 526). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2), 124–129. doi: 10.1037/h0030377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1982). Felt, false, and miserable smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 6(4), 238–252. doi: 10.1007/BF00987191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman Barrett, L. (1998). Discrete emotions or dimensions? The role of valence focus and arousal focus. Cognition and Emotion, 12(4), 579–599. doi: 10.1080/026999398379574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Dols, J. M., Carrera, P., & Crivelli, C. (2010). Facial behavior while experiencing sexual excitement. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 35(1), 63–71. doi: 10.1007/s10919-010-0097-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Dols, J. M., & Crivelli, C. (2013). Emotion and expression: Naturalistic studies. Emotion Review, 5(1), 24–29. doi: 10.1177/1754073912457229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Dols, J. M., & Ruiz-Belda, M. A. (1995). Are smiles a sign of happiness? Gold medal winners at the Olympic games. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1113–1119. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, M. G., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1993). Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(1), 83–93. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12(2), 191–220. doi: 10.1080/026999398379718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridlund, A. J., & Russell, J. A. (2006). The functions of facial expressions: What’s in a face? In V. M. M. I. Patterson (Ed.), The Sage handbook of non-verbal communication (pp. 299–359). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & Terschure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 212–228. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.2.212 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1997). Revealing feelings: Facets of emotional expressivity in self-reports, peer ratings, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 435–448. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones, E., & Allen, J. J. B. (1998). Anger and frontal brain activity: EEG asymmetry consistent with approach motivation despite negative affective valence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1310–1316. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Ohman, A. (1998). The Karolinska directed emotional faces – KDEF. Solna: Karolinska Institutet.
   Google Scholar
• Mogilner, C., Aaker, J. L., & Kamvar, S. D. (2012). How happiness affects choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(2), 429–443. doi: 10.1086/663774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nenkov, G. Y., & Scott, M. L. (2014). “So cute I could eat it up”: Priming effects of cute products on indulgent consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(2), 326–341. doi: 10.1086/676581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quirin, M., Kazen, M., & Kuhl, J. (2009). When nonsense sounds happy or helpless: The implicit positive and negative affect test (IPANAT). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(3), 500–516. doi: 10.1037/a0016063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Belda, M. A., Fernández-Dols, J. M., Carrera, P., & Barchard, K. (2003). Spontaneous facial expressions of happy bowlers and soccer fans. Cognition and Emotion, 17(2), 315–326. doi:10.1080/02699930244000327 doi: 10.1080/02699930302288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A., Bachorowski, J. A., & Fernandez-Dols, J. M. (2003). Facial and vocal expressions of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 329–349. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145–172. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A., & Mehrabian, A. (1977). Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions. Journal of Research in Personality, 11(3), 273–294. doi: 10.1016/0092-6566(77)90037-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stever, G. S. (2011). Fan behavior and lifespan development theory: Explaining para-social and social attachment to celebrities. Journal of Adult Development, 18(1), 1–7. doi: 10.1007/s10804-010-9100-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B., & Fung, H. H. (2006). Cultural variation in affect valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 288–307. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 820–838. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzler, S., Levine, S., van Dick, R., Oertel-Knochel, V., & Aviezer, H. (2016). Beyond pleasure and pain: Facial expression ambiguity in adults and children during intense situations. Emotion, 16(6), 807–814. doi: 10.1037/emo0000185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar