Valence evaluation with approaching or withdrawing cues: directly testing valence–arousal conflict theory

References

• Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1, 276–298. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings (Tech. Rep. No. C-1). The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Bernston, G. G. (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839–855. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S. (2004). Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. Emotion, 4, 3–22. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citron, F. M. M., Abugaber, D., & Herbert, C. (2016). Approach and withdrawal tendencies during written word processing: Effects of task, emotional valence, and emotional arousal. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1935. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citron, F. M. M., Gray, M. A., Critchley, H. D., Weekes, B. S., & Ferstl, E. C. (2014). Emotional valence and arousal affect reading in an interactive way: Neuroimaging evidence for an approach-withdrawal framework. Neuropsychologia, 56, 79–89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citron, F. M. M., Weekes, B. S., & Ferstl, E. C. (2013). Effects of valence and arousal on written word recognition: Time course and ERP correlates. Neuroscience Letters, 533, 90–95. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.10.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citron, F. M. M., Weekes, B. S., & Ferstl, E. C. (2014). Arousal and emotional valence interact in written word recognition. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29, 1257–1267. doi: 10.1080/23273798.2014.897734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder, A. B., & Rothermund, K. (2008). When do motor behaviors (mis)match affective stimuli? An evaluative coding view of approach and avoidance reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 262–281. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.137.2.262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder, A. B., & Rothermund, K. (2010). Automatic influence of arousal information on evaluative processing: Valence-arousal interactions in an affective Simon task. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 1053–1061. doi: 10.1080/02699930903056836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, C., Wang, L., Liu, C., Zhu, X., Dai, R., Mai, X., … Valdes-Sosa, P. A. (2012). The time course of the influence of valence and arousal on the implicit processing of affective pictures. PLoS ONE, 7, e29668. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones, E. (2003). Anger and the behavioral approach system. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 995–1005. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00313-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., & Price, T. F. (2013). What is approach motivation? Emotion Review, 5, 291–295. doi: 10.1177/1754073913477509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, M. J., Kuchinke, L., Tamm, S., Võ, M. L. -H., & Jacobs, A. M. (2009). Affective processing within 1/10th of a second: High arousal is necessary for early facilitative processing of negative but not positive words. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 389–397. doi: 10.3758/9.4.389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50, 372–385. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). Motivated attention: Affect, activation, and action. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons, & M. T. Balaban (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 97–135). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261–273. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, R., Förster, J., & Strack, F. (2003). Motor compatibility: The bidirectional link between behavior and evaluation. In J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation. Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 371–391). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, R., & Strack, F. (2000). Approach and avoidance: The influence of proprioceptive and exteroceptive cues on encoding of affective information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 39–48. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.1.39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purkis, H. M., Lipp, O. V., Edwards, M. S., & Barnes, R. (2009). An increase in stimulus arousal has differential effects on the processing speed of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. Motivation and Emotion, 33, 353–361. doi: 10.1007/s11031-009-9144-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, M. D., Storbeck, J., Meier, B. P., & Kirkeby, B. S. (2004). Watch out! That could be dangerous: Valence-arousal interactions in evaluative processing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1472–1484. doi: 10.1177/0146167204266647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 145–172. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Peer, J. M., Rotteveel, M., Spinhoven, P., Tollenaar, M. S., & Roelofs, K. (2010). Affect-congruent approach and withdrawal movements of happy and angry faces facilitate affective categorisation. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 863–875. doi: 10.1080/02699930902935485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 820–838. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajonc, R. B. (2001). Mere exposure: A gateway to the subliminal. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 224–228. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar