Pre-verbal infants perceive emotional facial expressions categorically

References

• Becker, M. W., & Detweiler-Bedell, B. (2009). Early detection and avoidance of threatening faces during passive viewing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(7), 1257–1264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergelson, E., & Swingley, D. (2012). At 6–9 months, human infants know the meanings of many common nouns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(9), 3253–3258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H., Kessen, W., & Weiskopf, S. (1976). Color vision and hue categorization in young human infants. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2(1), 115–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H., & Korda, N. O. (1984). Discrimination and matching within and between hues measured by reaction times: Some implications for categorical perception and levels of information processing. Psychological Research, 46(3), 207–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder, A. J., Young, A. W., Perrett, D. I., Etcoff, N. L., & Rowland, D. (1996). Categorical perception of morphed facial expressions. Visual Cognition, 3(2), 81–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campanella, D., Quinet, P., Bruyer, R., Crommelinck, M., & Guerit, J. M. (2002). Categorical perception of happiness and fear facial expressions: An ERP study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(2), 210–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheal, J. L., & Rutherford, M. D. (2011). Categorical perception of emotional facial expressions in preschoolers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 110(3), 434–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheal, J. L., & Rutherford, M. D. (2015). Investigating the category boundaries of emotional facial expressions: Effects of individual participant and model and the stability over time. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 146–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L. B., & Cashon, C. H. (2001). Do 7-month-old infants process independent features or facial configurations? Infant and Child Development, 10(1-2), 83–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dailey, M. N., Cottrell, G. W., Padgett, C., & Adolphs, R. (2002). EMPATH: A neural network that categorizes facial expressions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(8), 1158–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daoutis, C. A., Franklin, A., Riddett, A., Clifford, A., & Davies, I. R. (2006). Categorical effects in children’s colour search: A cross-linguistic comparison. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24(2), 373–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Gelder, B., Teunisse, J. P., & Benson, P. J. (1997). Categorical perception of facial expressions: Categories and their internal structure. Cognition and Emotion, 11(1), 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haan, M., Belsky, J., Reid, V., Volein, A., & Johnson, M. H. (2004). Maternal personality and infants’ neural and visual responsivity to facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1209–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haan, M., & Nelson, C. A. (1998). Discrimination and categorization of facial expressions of emotion during infancy. In A. Slater (Ed.), Perceptual development: Visual, auditory and speech perception in infancy (pp. 287–309). Hove: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eimas, P. D., Siqueland, E. R., Jusczyk, P., & Vigorito, J. (1971). Speech perception in infants. Science, 171(3968), 303–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etcoff, N. L., & Magee, J. J. (1992). Categorical perception of facial expressions. Cognition, 44(3), 227–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantz, R. L. (1964). Visual experience in infants: Decreased attention to familiar patterns relative to novel ones. Science, 146(3644), 668–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenson, L., Bates, E., Dale, P. S., Marchman, V. A., Reznick, J. S., & Thal, D. J. (2007). MacArthur-Bates communicative development inventories. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, A., Clifford, A., Williamson, E., & Davies, I. (2005). Color term knowledge does not affect categorical perception of color in toddlers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90(2), 114–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, A., & Davies, I. R. (2004). New evidence for infant colour categories. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(3), 349–377.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, A., Drivonikou, G. V., Bevis, L., Davies, I. R., Kay, P., & Regier, T. (2008). Categorical perception of color is lateralized to the right hemisphere in infants, but to the left hemisphere in adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(9), 3221–3225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fugate, J. M. B., Gouzoules, H., & Barrett, L. F. (2010). Reading chimpanzee faces: Evidence for the role of verbal labels in categorical perception of emotion. Emotion, 10(4), 544–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harnad, S. (1987). Categorical perception: The groundwork of cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hunnius, S., de Wit, T. C., Vrins, S., & von Hofsten, C. (2011). Facing threat: Infants’ and adults’ visual scanning of faces with neutral, happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotional expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 25(2), 193–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotsoni, E., de Haan, M., & Johnson, M. H. (2001). Categorical perception of facial expressions by 7-month-old infants. Perception, 30(9), 1115–1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laukka, P. (2005). Categorical perception of vocal emotion expressions. Emotion, 5(3), 277–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, V., Cheal, J. L., & Rutherford, M. D. (2015). Categorical perception along the happy–angry and happy–sad continua in the first year of life. Infant Behavior and Development, 40, 95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leppänen, J. M., Richmond, J., Vogel-Farley, V. K., Moulson, M. C., & Nelson, C. A. (2009). Categorical representation of facial expressions in the infant brain. Infancy, 14(3), 346–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman, A. M., Harris, K. S., Hoffman, H. S., & Griffith, B. C. (1957). The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54(5), 358–368.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lovibond, S. H, & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales (2nd ed). Sydney: Psychology Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, D., & Ohman, A. (2005). Emotion regulates attention: The relation between facial configurations, facial emotion, and visual attention. Visual Cognition, 12(1), 51–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray, B., & Aslin, R. N. (2005). Infants are sensitive to within-category variation in speech perception. Cognition, 95(2), B15–B26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, C. A., & Dolgin, K. G. (1985). The generalized discrimination of facial expressions by seven-month-old infants. Child Development, 56(1), 58–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, C. A., Morse, P. A., & Leavitt, L. A. (1979). Recognition of facial expressions by seven-month-old Infants. ‌Child Development, 50(2), 1239–1242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peltola, M. J., Hietanen, J. K., Forssman, L., & Leppänen, J. M. (2013). The emergence and stability of the attentional bias to fearful faces in infancy. Infancy, 18(6), 905–926.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilling, M., Wiggett, A., Özgen, E., & Davies, I. R. (2003). Is color “categorical perception” really perceptual? Memory & Cognition, 31(4), 538–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisoni, D. B. (1971). On the nature of categorical perception of speech sounds (doctoral dissertation). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
   Google Scholar
• Pollak, S. D., & Kistler, D. J. (2002). Early experience is associated with the development of categorical representations for facial expressions of emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(13), 9072–9076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, S. D., & Sinha, P. (2002). Effects of early experience on children’s recognition of facial displays of emotion. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 784–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier, T., & Kay, P. (2009). Language, thought, and color: Whorf was half right. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 439–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberson, D., & Davidoff, J. (2000). The categorical perception of colors and facial expressions: The effect of verbal interference. Memory & Cognition, 28(6), 977–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A., & Fehr, B. (1987). Relativity in the perception of emotion in facial expressions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116(3), 223–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter, D. A., Le Guen, O., & Haun, D. B. M. (2011). Categorical perception of emotional facial expressions does not require lexical categories. Emotion, 11(6), 1479–1483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, W., Eschmann, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime user’s guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. G., Campos, J. J., Shucard, D. W., Ramsay, D. S., & Shucard, J. (1981). Semantic comprehension in infancy: A signal detection analysis. Child Development, 52(3), 798–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaish, A., Grossmann, T., & Woodward, A. (2008). Not all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 383–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Schalk, J., Hawk, S. T., Fischer, A. H., & Doosje, B. (2011). Moving faces, looking places: Validation of the Amsterdam dynamic facial expression Set (ADFES). Emotion, 11(4), 907–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Honk, J., & Schutter, D. J. (2007). Vigilant and avoidant responses to angry facial expressions. In E. Harmon-Jones, & P. Winkielman (Eds.), Social neuroscience: Integrating biological and psychological explanations of social behavior (pp. 197–223). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, A. L. (1998). Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor’s reach. Cognition, 69(1), 1–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J., Kanazawa, S., Yamaguchi, M. K., & Kuriki, I. (2016). Cortical response to categorical color perception in infants investigated by near-infrared spectroscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 2370–2375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, E., Zald, D. H., & Blake, R. (2007). Fearful expressions gain preferential access to awareness during continuous flash suppression. Emotion, 7(4), 882–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, A. W., Rowland, D., Calder, A. J., Etcoff, N. L., Seth, A., & Perrett, D. I. (1997). Facial expression megamix: Tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition. Cognition, 63(3), 271–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar