Attentional allocation to task-irrelevant fearful faces is not automatic: experimental evidence for the conditional hypothesis of emotional selection

References

• Anderson, B. A., Laurent, P. A., & Yantis, S. (2011). Learned value magnifies salience-based attentional capture. PLoS ONE, 6(11), e27926. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barratt, D., & Bundesen, C. (2012). Attentional capture by emotional faces is contingent on attentional control settings. Cognition and Emotion, 26(7), 1223–1237. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.645279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and communication. London: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C. R. H., Berggren, N., & Forster, S. (in press). Testing a goal-driven account of involuntary attentional capture by threat. Emotion.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carretié, L. (2014). Exogenous (automatic) attention to emotional stimuli: A review. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 14(4), 1228–1258. doi: 10.3758/s13415-014-0270-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conty, L., Gimmig, D., Belletier, C., George, N., & Huguet, P. (2010). The cost of being watched: Stroop interference increases under concomitant eye contact. Cognition, 115(1), 133–139. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18(1), 193–222. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd, H. F., Vogt, J., Turkileri, N., & Notebaert, L. (2017). Task relevance of emotional information affects anxiety-linked attention bias in visual search. Biological Psychology, 122, 13–20. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez Borras, J., & Vuilleumier, P. (2013). Affective biases in attention and perception. In J. Armony, & P. Vuilleumier (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of human affective neuroscience (pp. 331–356). New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eastwood, J. D., Frischen, A., Reynolds, M., Gerritsen, C., Dubins, M., & Smilek, D. (2008). Do emotionally expressive faces automatically capture attention? Evidence from global-local interference. Visual Cognition, 16(2–3), 248–261. doi: 10.1080/13506280701434383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastwood, J. D., Smilek, D., & Merikle, P. M. (2001). Differential attentional guidance by unattended faces expressing positive and negative emotion. Perception and Psychophysics, 63(6), 1004–1013. doi: 10.3758/BF03194519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everaert, T., Spruyt, A., & de Houwer, J. (2013). On the malleability of automatic attentional biases: Effects of feature-specific attention allocation. Cognition and Emotion, 27(3), 385–400. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2012.712949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Johnston, J. C. (1992). Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18(4), 1030–1044. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.1030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Wright, J. H. (1994). The structure of attentional control: Contingent attentional capture by apparent motion, abrupt onset, and color. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20(2), 317–329. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.20.2.317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, E., Lester, V., Russo, R., Bowles, R. J., Pichler, A., & Dutton, K. (2000). Facial expressions of emotion : Are angry faces detected more efficiently? Cognition and Emotion, 14(1), 61–92. doi:10.1080/026999300378996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frischen, A., Eastwood, J. D., & Smilek, D. (2008). Visual search for faces with emotional expressions. Psychological Bulletin, 134(5), 662–676. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.5.662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspelin, N., Leonard, C. J., & Luck, S. J. (2015). Direct evidence for active suppression of salient-but-irrelevant sensory inputs. Psychological Science, 26(11), 1740–1750. doi: 10.1177/0956797615597913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspelin, N., Ruthruff, E., & Lien, M.-C. (2016). The problem of latent attentional capture: Easy visual search conceals capture by task-irrelevant abrupt onsets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42(8), 1104–1120. doi: 10.1037/xhp0000214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glickman, M., & Lamy, D. (2018). Attentional capture by irrelevant emotional distractor faces is contingent on implicit attentional settings. Cognition and Emotion, 32(2), 303–314. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1301883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeleven, E., De Raedt, R., Leyman, L., & Verschuere, B. (2008). The Karolinska directed emotional faces: A validation study. Cognition and Emotion, 22(6), 1094–1118. doi: 10.1080/02699930701626582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, S., & Gronlund, S. D. (2007). Top-down guidance in visual search for facial expressions. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 14(1), 159–165. doi: 10.3758/BF03194044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 917–924. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodsoll, S., Viding, E., & Lavie, N. (2011). Attentional capture by irrelevant emotional distractor faces. Emotion, 11(2), 346–353. doi: 10.1037/a0022771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDoux, J. E. (1998). The emotional brain. New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Leys, C., Ley, C., Klein, O., Bernard, P., & Licata, L. (2013). Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(4), 764–766. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobue, V. (2015). Behavioral evidence for a continuous approach to the perception of emotionally valenced stimuli. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, 28–29. doi:10.1017/S0140525X14000934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoBue, V., & Rakison, D. H. (2013). What we fear most: A developmental advantage for threat-relevant stimuli. Developmental Review, 33(4), 285–303. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2013.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoBue, V., Rakison, D. H., & DeLoache, J. S. (2010). Threat perception across the life Span: Evidence for multiple converging pathways. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 375–379. doi: 10.1177/0963721410388801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macleod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 15–20. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moors, A., Ellsworth, P. C., Scherer, K. R., & Frijda, N. H. (2013). Appraisal theories of emotion: State of the art and future development. Emotion Review, 5(2), 119–124. doi: 10.1177/1754073912468165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108(3), 483–522. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo, R., & Rhodes, G. (2007). Are you always on my mind? A review of how face perception and attention interact. Neuropsychologia, 45(1), 75–92. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallett, P. M., & Meng, M. (2015). Inversion effects reveal dissociations in facial expression of emotion, gender, and object processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourtois, G., Schettino, A., & Vuilleumier, P. (2013). Brain mechanisms for emotional influences on perception and attention: What is magic and what is not. Biological Psychology, 92(3), 492–512. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puls, S., & Rothermund, K. (2018). Attending to emotional expressions: No evidence for automatic capture in the dot-probe task. Cognition and Emotion, 32(3), 450–463. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1314932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, W., Kochiyama, T., & Yoshikawa, S. (2011). The inversion effect for neutral and emotional facial expressions on amygdala activity. Brain Research, 1378, 84–90. doi: 10.1016/J.BRAINRES.2010.12.082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, K. R. (2013). The nature and dynamics of relevance and valence appraisals: Theoretical advances and recent evidence. Emotion Review, 5(2), 150–162. doi: 10.1177/1754073912468166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion : theory, methods, research. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Silvert, L., & Funes, M. J. (2016). When do fearful faces override inhibition of return? Acta Psychologica, 163, 124–134. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, T., Zwickel, J., Ritter, J., Kitzmantel, M., & Schneider, W. X. (2009). The effect of fearful faces on the attentional blink is task dependent. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16(1), 104–109. doi: 10.3758/PBR.16.1.104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannert, S., & Rothermund, K. (in press). Attending to emotional faces in the flanker task: Probably much less automatic than previously assumed. Emotion. doi: 10.1037/emo0000538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theeuwes, J. (2010). Top-down and bottom-up control of visual selection: Reply to commentaries. Acta Psychologica, 135(2), 133–139. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipples, J. (2005). Orienting to eye gaze and face processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31(5), 843–856. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.31.5.843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, M. A., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dillen, L. F., Lakens, D., & Van Den Bos, K. (2011). At face value: Categorization goals modulate vigilance for angry faces. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(1), 235–240. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, J., De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., & Van Damme, S. (2013). Competing for attentional priority: Temporary goals versus threats. Emotion, 13(3), 587–598. doi: 10.1037/a0027204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, J., Koster, E. H. W., & De Houwer, J. (2017). Safety first: Instrumentality for reaching safety determines attention allocation under threat. Emotion, 17(3), 528–537. doi: 10.1037/emo0000251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vromen, J. M. G., Lipp, O. V., Remington, R. W., & Becker, S. I. (2016). Threat captures attention, but not automatically: Top-down goals modulate attentional orienting to threat distractors. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 78(7), 2266–2279. doi: 10.3758/s13414-016-1142-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vromen, J. M. G., Lipp, O. V., & Remington, R. W. (2015). The spider does not always win the fight for attention: Disengagement from threat is modulated by goal set. Cognition and Emotion, 29(7), 1185–1196. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2014.969198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yantis, S. (1996). Attentional capture in vision. In A. F. Kramer, M. G. H. Coles, & G. D. Logan (Eds.), Converging operations in the study of visual selective attention (pp. 45–76). Washington: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10187-002
   Google Scholar
• Yiend, J. (2010). The effects of emotion on attention: A review of attentional processing of emotional information. Cognition and Emotion, 24(1), 3–47. doi: 10.1080/02699930903205698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar