References
- Algom, D., Chajut, E., & Lev, S. (2004). A rational look at the emotional Stroop phenomenon: A generic slowdown, not a Stroop effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(3), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.3.323
- Anderbois, S., Brasoveanu, A., & Henderson, R. (2015). At-issue proposals and appositive impositions in discourse. Journal of Semantics, 32(1), 93–138. https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/fft014
- Bach, K. (1998). Speech acts. In Routledge encylopedia of philosophy. Taylor and Francis. https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/speech-acts/v-1
- Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J., Hutchison, K. A., Cortese, M. J., Kessler, B., Loftis, B., Neely, J. H., Nelson, D. L., Simpson, G. B., & Treiman, R. (2007). The English lexicon project. Behavior Research Methods, 39(3), 445–459. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193014
- Barker, C., Bernardi, R., & Shan, C. (2010). Principles of interdimensional meaning interaction. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 20, 109–127. https://doi.org/10.3765/salt.v20i0.2569
- Bayer, M., & Schacht, A. (2014). Event-related brain responses to emotional words, pictures, and faces—A cross-domain comparison. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01106
- Bayer, M., Sommer, W., & Schacht, A. (2010). Reading emotional words within sentences: The impact of arousal and valence on event-related potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 78(3), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.09.004
- Bayer, M., Sommer, W., & Schacht, A. (2012). P1 and beyond: Functional separation of multiple emotion effects in word recognition. Psychophysiology, 49(7), 959–969. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01381.x
- Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 57(1), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
- Blakemore, D. (2015). Slurs and expletives: A case against a general account of expressive meaning. Language Sciences, 52, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.06.018
- Bowers, J. S., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2011). Swearing, euphemisms, and linguistic relativity. PLoS ONE, 6(7), e22341. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022341
- Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2002). Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology. In R. D. Lane & L. Nadel (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 242–276). Oxford University Press. https://arizona-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/1h28lag/TN_pq_ebook_centralEBC271199.
- Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2009). Moving beyond Kučera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 977–990. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.977
- Buchanan, T. W., Etzel, J. A., Adolphs, R., & Tranel, D. (2006). The influence of autonomic arousal and semantic relatedness on memory for emotional words. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 61(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.022
- Christianson, K., Zhou, P., Palmer, C., & Raizen, A. (2017). Effects of context and individual differences on the processing of taboo words. Acta Psychologica, 178, 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.05.012
- Citron, F. M. M. (2012). Neural correlates of written emotion word processing: A review of recent electrophysiological and hemodynamic neuroimaging studies. Brain and Language, 122(3), 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2011.12.007
- Citron, F. M. M., Weekes, B. S., & Ferstl, E. C. (2013). Effects of valence and arousal on written word recognition: Time course and ERP correlates. Neuroscience Letters, 533, 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.10.054
- Coulson, S., & Lovett, C. (2010). Comprehension of non-conventional indirect requests: An event-related brain potential study. Italian Journal of Linguistics, 22(1), 107–124.
- Craig, D. H., & Kinney, A. F. (2009). Shakespeare, computers, and the mystery of authorship. Cambridge University Press.
- Dhooge, E., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2011). How do speakers resist distraction?: Evidence from a taboo picture-word interference task. Psychological Science, 22(7), 855–859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611410984
- Dien, J. (2009). The neurocognitive basis of reading single words as seen through early latency ERPs: A model of converging pathways. Biological Psychology, 80(1), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.04.013
- Dörre, L., Czypionka, A., Trotzke, A., & Bayer, J. (2018). The processing of German modal particles and their counterparts. Linguistische Berichte, 255, 313–346. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-8iyf1z1elfx0.
- Eilola, T. M., & Havelka, J. (2011). Behavioural and physiological responses to the emotional and taboo Stroop tasks in native and non-native speakers of English. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15(3), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006910379263
- Erdelyi, M. H. (1974). A new look at the new look: Perceptual defense and vigilance. Psychological Review, 81(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035852
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
- Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K. (2001). Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(4), 681–700. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.681
- Frazier, L., Dillon, B., & Clifton, C. (2015). A note on interpreting damn expressives: Transferring the blame. Language and Cognition, 7(02), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2014.31
- Frazier, L., Dillon, B., & Clifton, C. (2018). Together they stand: Interpreting not-at-issue content. Language and Speech, 61(2), 199–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830917714608
- Gisladottir, R. S., Bögels, S., & Levinson, S. C. (2018). Oscillatory brain responses reflect anticipation during ccomprehension of speech acts in spoken dialog. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00034
- Gisladottir, R. S., Chwilla, D. J., & Levinson, S. C. (2015). Conversation electrified: ERP correlates of speech act recognition in underspecified utterances. PLOS ONE, 10(3), e0120068. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120068
- Grosser, G. S., & Walsh, A. A. (1966). Sex differences in the differential recall of taboo and neutral words. The Journal of Psychology, 63(2), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1966.10543035
- Guillet, R., & Arndt, J. (2009). Taboo words: The effect of emotion on memory for peripheral information. Memory & Cognition, 37(6), 866–879. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.37.6.866
- Gutzmann, D. (2013). Expressives and beyond. An introduction to varieties of use-conditional meaning. In D. Gutzmann & H.-M. Gärtner (Eds.), Beyond expressives: Explorations in use-conditional meaning (pp. 1–58). Brill.
- Gutzmann, D. (2019). The grammar of expressivity. Oxford University Press.
- Hadley, C. B., & MacKay, D. G. (2006). Does emotion help or hinder immediate memory? Arousal versus priority-binding mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.32.1.79
- Hansen, S. J., McMahon, K. L., Burt, J. S., & de Zubicaray, G. I. (2017). The locus of taboo context effects in picture naming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2015.1124895
- Herbert, C., Junghofer, M., & Kissler, J. (2008). Event related potentials to emotional adjectives during reading. Psychophysiology, 45(3), 487–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00638.x
- Hinojosa, J. A., Albert, J., López-Martín, S., & Carretié, L. (2014). Temporospatial analysis of explicit and implicit processing of negative content during word comprehension. Brain and Cognition, 87, 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2014.03.008
- Hinojosa, J. A., Carretié, L., Valcárcel, M. A., Méndez-Bértolo, C., & Pozo, M. A. (2009). Electrophysiological differences in the processing of affective information in words and pictures. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9(2), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.9.2.173
- Hofmann, M. J., Kuchinke, L., Tamm, S., Võ, M. L. H., & Jacobs, A. M. (2009). Affective processing within 1/10th of a second: High arousal is necessary for early facilitative processing of negative but not positive words. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9(4), 389–397. https://doi.org/10.3758/9.4.389
- Ito, T. A., Larsen, J. T., Smith, N. K., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1998). Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(4), 887–900. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.4.887
- Jay, T. (1992). Cursing in America: A psycholinguistic study of dirty language in the courts, in the movies, in the schoolyards, and on the streets. J. Benjamins Pub. Co.
- Kanske, P., & Kotz, S. A. (2007). Concreteness in emotional words: ERP evidence from a hemifield study. Brain Research, 1148, 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.044
- Kanske, P., Plitschka, J., & Kotz, S. A. (2011). Attentional orienting towards emotion: P2 and N400 ERP effects. Neuropsychologia, 49(11), 3121–3129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.022
- Kim, A., & Lai, V. (2012). Rapid interactions between lexical semantic and word form analysis during word recognition in context: Evidence from ERPs. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(5), 1104–1112. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00148
- Kissler, J., Herbert, C., Peyk, P., & Junghofer, M. (2007). Buzzwords: Early cortical responses to emotional words during reading. Psychological Science, 18(6), 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01924.x
- Kissler, J., Herbert, C., Winkler, I., & Junghofer, M. (2009). Emotion and attention in visual word processing—An ERP study. Biological Psychology, 80(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.03.004
- Klein, F., Schindler, S., Neuner, F., Rosner, R., Renneberg, B., Steil, R., & Iffland, B. (2019). Processing of affective words in adolescent PTSD—Attentional bias toward social threat. Psychophysiology, 56(11). https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13444
- Knickerbocker, H., Johnson, R. L., & Altarriba, J. (2015). Emotion effects during reading: Influence of an emotion target word on eye movements and processing. Cognition and Emotion, 29(5), 784–806. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.938023
- Kousta, S.-T., Vinson, D. P., & Vigliocco, G. (2009). Emotion words, regardless of polarity, have a processing advantage over neutral words. Cognition, 112(3), 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.007
- Kuperman, V., Estes, Z., Brysbaert, M., & Warriner, A. B. (2014). Emotion and language: Valence and arousal affect word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1065–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035669
- Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97(3), 377–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.377
- Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). Motivated attention: Affect, activation and action. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons, & M. T. Balaban (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 97–136). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1998). Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: Brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biological Psychiatry, 44(12), 1248–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00275-3
- Leech, G. N., Deuchar, M., & Hoogenraad, R. (1982). English grammar for today: A new introduction. Macmillan Press in conjunction with The English Association.
- Mackay, D. G., Shafto, M., Taylor, J. K., Marian, D. E., Abrams, L., & Dyer, J. R. (2004). Relations between emotion, memory, and attention: Evidence from taboo Stroop, lexical decision, and immediate memory tasks. Memory & Cognition, 32(3), 474–488. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195840
- Madan, C. R., Shafer, A. T., Chan, M., & Singhal, A. (2017). Shock and awe: Distinct effects of taboo words on lexical decision and free recall. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(4), 793–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1167925
- Mathewson, K. J., Arnell, K. M., & Mansfield, C. A. (2008). Capturing and holding attention: The impact of emotional words in rapid serial visual presentation. Memory & Cognition, 36(1), 182–200. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.36.1.182
- Palazova, M., Mantwill, K., Sommer, W., & Schacht, A. (2011). Are effects of emotion in single words non-lexical? Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Neuropsychologia, 49(9), 2766–2775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.06.005
- Potts, C. (2005a). Conventional implicatures, a distinguished class of meanings. In G. Ramchand & C. Reiss (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Linguistic Interfacess (pp. 475–501). Oxford University Press.
- Potts, C. (2005b). The logic of conventional implicatures. Oxford University Press.
- Potts, C. (2007). The expressive dimension. Theoretical Linguistics, 33(2), 165–198. https://doi.org/10.1515/TL.2007.011.
- Pratto, F., & John, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 380–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.380
- Rastle, K., Harrington, J., & Coltheart, M. (2002). 358,534 nonwords: The ARC Nonword Database. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 55(4), 1339–1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000099
- Reilly, J., Kelly, A., Zuckerman, B. M., Twigg, P. P., Wells, M., Jobson, K. R., & Flurie, M. (2020). Building the perfect curse word: A psycholinguistic investigation of the form and meaning of taboo words. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 27(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01685-8
- Robertson, M. M. (2000). Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain, 123(3), 425–462. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.3.425
- Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714
- Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (1999). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 805–819. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805
- Schacht, A., & Sommer, W. (2009a). Time course and task dependence of emotion effects in word processing. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9(1), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.9.1.28
- Schacht, A., & Sommer, W. (2009b). Emotions in word and face processing: Early and late cortical responses. Brain and Cognition, 69(3), 538–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2008.11.005
- Scott, G. G., Keitel, A., Becirspahic, M., Yao, B., & Sereno, S. C. (2018). The Glasgow norms: Ratings of 5,500 words on nine scales. Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1099-3
- Scott, G. G., O’Donnell, P. J., & Sereno, S. C. (2014). Emotion words and categories: Evidence from lexical decision. Cognitive Processing, 15(2), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-013-0589-6
- Segalowitz, S. J., & Lane, K. C. (2000). Lexical access of function versus content words. Brain and Language, 75(3), 376–389. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.2000.2361
- Siegrist, M. (1995). Effects of taboo words on color-naming performance on a Stroop test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81(3 suppl.), 1119–1122. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1119
- Simons, M., Tonhauser, J., Beaver, D., & Roberts, C. (2010). What projects and why. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 20, 309. https://doi.org/10.3765/salt.v20i0.2584
- Stephens, R., Atkins, J., & Kingston, A. (2009). Swearing as a response to pain. NeuroReport, 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e32832e64b1
- Tanaka-Ishii, K., & Terada, H. (2011). Word familiarity and frequency: Word familiarity and frequency. Studia Linguistica, 65(1), 96–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2010.01176.x
- Thomas, L., & LaBar, K. (2005). Emotional arousal enhances word repetition priming. Cognition & Emotion, 19(7), 1027–1047. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930500172440
- Trauer, S. M., Andersen, S. K., Kotz, S. A., & Müller, M. M. (2012). Capture of lexical but not visual resources by task-irrelevant emotional words: A combined ERP and steady-state visual evoked potential study. NeuroImage, 60(1), 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.016
- Trauer, S. M., Kotz, S. A., & Müller, M. M. (2015). Emotional words facilitate lexical but not early visual processing. BMC Neuroscience, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-015-0225-8
- Van Lancker, D., & Cummings, J. L. (1999). Expletives: Neurolinguistic and neurobehavioral perspectives on swearing. Brain Research Reviews, 31(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00060-0
- Van Petten, C., Kutas, M., Kluender, R., Mitchiner, M., & McIsaac, H. (1991). Fractionating the word repetition effect with event-related potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(2), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1991.3.2.131
- Vinson, D., Ponari, M., & Vigliocco, G. (2014). How does emotional content affect lexical processing? Cognition and Emotion, 28(4), 737–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.851068
- Wabnitz, P., Martens, U., & Neuner, F. (2012). Cortical reactions to verbal abuse: Event-related brain potentials reflecting the processing of socially threatening words. NeuroReport, 23(13), 774–779. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e328356f7a6
- Wabnitz, P., Martens, U., & Neuner, F. (2016). Written threat: Electrophysiological evidence for an attention bias to affective words in social anxiety disorder. Cognition and Emotion, 30(3), 516–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1019837
- Wang, L., & Bastiaansen, M. (2014). Oscillatory brain dynamics associated with the automatic processing of emotion in words. Brain and Language, 137, 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.07.011
- Wang, W., Chen, L., Thirunarayan, K., & Sheth, A. P. (2014). Cursing in English on Twitter. Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing - CSCW ‘14, 415–425. https://doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531734
- Warriner, A. B., Kuperman, V., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas. Behavior Research Methods, 45(4), 1191–1207. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0314-x
- Wentura, D., Rothermund, K., & Bak, P. (2000). Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of approach- and avoidance-related social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1024–1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1024
- Yao, Z., Yu, D., Wang, L., Zhu, X., Guo, J., & Wang, Z. (2016). Effects of valence and arousal on emotional word processing are modulated by concreteness: Behavioral and ERP evidence from a lexical decision task. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 110, 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.499
- Zhang, M., Ge, Y., Kang, C., Guo, T., & Peng, D. (2018). ERP evidence for the contribution of meaning complexity underlying emotional word processing. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 45, 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.07.002
- Zhang, M., & Guo, T. (2014). Event-related brain potentials differentiate three types of emotional words categorized from linguistic perspective. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 31, 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2014.06.001
- Zhang, D., Nie, A., Wang, Z., & Li, M. (2019). Influence of lag length on repetition priming in emotional stimuli: ERP evidence. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 33(1), e22639. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22639