444
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Emotional distraction in working memory: Bayesian-based evidence of the equivalent effect of positive and neutral interference

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 282-290 | Received 30 Apr 2020, Accepted 15 Oct 2020, Published online: 03 Nov 2020

References

  • Aczel, B., Hoekstra, R., Gelman, A., Wagenmakers, E. J., Klugkist, I. G., Rouder, J. N., Vandekerckhove, J., Lee, M. D., Morey, R. D., Vanpaemel, W., Dienes, Z., & van Ravenzwaaij, D. (2020). Discussion points for Bayesian inference. In Nature human behaviour (Vol. 4, Issue 6, pp. 561–563). Nature Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0807-z
  • Aczel, B., Palfi, B., Szollosi, A., Kovacs, M., Szaszi, B., Szecsi, P., Zrubka, M., Gronau, Q. F., van den Bergh, D., & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2018). Quantifying support for the null hypothesis in psychology: An empirical investigation. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(3), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918773742
  • Anastasi, J. S., & Rhodes, M. G. (2005). An own-age bias in face recognition for children and older adults. In Psychonomic bulletin and review (Vol. 12, Issue 6, pp. 1043–1047). Springer New York LLC. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206441
  • Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106(3), 529–550. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.529
  • Bar, M., Kassam, K. S., Ghuman, A. S., Boshyan, J., Schmidt, A. M., Dale, A. M., Hämäläinen, M. S., Marinkovic, K., Schacter, D. L., Rosen, B. R., & Halgren, E. (2006). Top-down facilitation of visual recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(2), 449–454. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507062103
  • Berntson, G. G., Boysen, S. T., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1993). Neurobehavioral organization and the cardinal principle of evaluative Bivalence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 702(1), 75–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb17243.x
  • Bostyn, D. H., & Roets, A. (2017). An asymmetric moral conformity effect. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(3), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616671999
  • Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2007). Emotion and motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (3rd ed., pp. 581–607). Cambridge University Press.
  • Brown, C. R. H., Duka, T., & Forster, S. (2018). Attentional capture by alcohol-related stimuli may be activated involuntarily by top-down search goals. Psychopharmacology, 235(7), 2087–2099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4906-8
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1997). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_2
  • Carretié, L. (2014). Exogenous (automatic) attention to emotional stimuli: A review. In Cognitive, affective and behavioral neuroscience (Vol. 14, Issue 4, pp. 1228–1258). Springer New York LLC. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0270-2
  • Cohen, N., Henik, A., & Mor, N. (2010). Can emotion modulate attention? Evidence for reciprocal links in the attentional network test. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/A000083
  • Cohen, N., Henik, A., & Moyal, N. (2012). Executive control attenuates emotional effects—for high reappraisers only? Emotion, 12(5), 970–979. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026890
  • Cohen, N., Moyal, N., Lichtenstein-Vidne, L., & Henik, A. (2016). Explicit vs. implicit emotional processing: The interaction between processing type and executive control. Cognition and Emotion, 30(2), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.1000830
  • Dessel, P. V., De Houwer, J., Roets, A., & Gast, A. (2016). Failures to change stimulus evaluations by means of subliminal approach and avoidance training. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(1), e1–e15. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000039
  • Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406920
  • Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781
  • Dolcos, F., Iordan, A. D., & Dolcos, S. (2011). Neural correlates of emotion-cognition interactions: A review of evidence from brain imaging investigations. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(6), 669–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.594433
  • Dolcos, F., Kragel, P., Wang, L., & McCarthy, G. (2006). Role of the inferior frontal cortex in coping with distracting emotions. Neuroreport, 17(15), 1591–1594. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000236860.24081.be
  • Dolcos, F., & McCarthy, G. (2006). Brain systems mediating cognitive interference by emotional distraction. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(7), 2072–2079. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5042-05.2006
  • Fisher, R. A. (1935). The design of experiments (2nd ed.). Oliver and Boyd.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218
  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19(3), 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000238
  • García-Pacios, J., Del Río, D., Villalobos, D., Ruiz-Vargas, J. M., & Maestú, F. (2015). Emotional interference-based forgetting in short-term memory. Cognitive inhibition of pleasant but not unpleasant biologically relevant distractors. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 582. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00582
  • García-Pacios, J., Garcés, P., Del Río, D., & Maestú, F. (2015). Early detection and late cognitive control of emotional distraction by the prefrontal cortex. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 10046. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10046
  • García-Pacios, J., Garcés, P., Del Río, D., & Maestú, F. (2017). Tracking the effect of emotional distraction in working memory brain networks: Evidence from an MEG study. Psychophysiology, 54(11), 1726–1740. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12912
  • Gopie, N., & Macleod, C. M. (2009). Destination memory: Stop me if i’ve told you this before. Psychological Science, 20(12), 1492–1499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02472.x
  • Iordan, A. D., Dolcos, S., & Dolcos, F. (2013). Neural signatures of the response to emotional distraction: A review of evidence from brain imaging investigations. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(JUN), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00200
  • Jarosz, A. F., & Wiley, J. (2014). What are the odds? A practical guide to computing and reporting Bayes factors. The Journal of Problem Solving, 7(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1167
  • Jeffreys, H. (1961). Theory of probability (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Kellermann, T. S., Sternkopf, M. A., Schneider, F., Habel, U., Turetsky, B. I., Zilles, K., Eickhoff, S. B., & Vogt, O. (2012). Modulating the processing of emotional stimuli by cognitive demand. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(3), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsq104
  • Kveraga, K., Boshyan, J., & Bar, M. (2007). Magnocellular projections as the trigger of top-down facilitation in recognition. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(48), 13232–13240. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3481-07.2007
  • Lakens, D., Mclatchie, N., Isager, P. M., Scheel, A. M., & Dienes, Z. (2020). Improving inferences about null effects with Bayes factors and equivalence tests. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 75(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby065
  • Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International affective picture system (IAPS). Afective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical report A-6. University of Florida.
  • Lee, M. D., & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2013). Bayesian cognitive modeling: A practical course. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mano, Q. R., Brown, G. G., Bolden, K., Aupperle, R., Sullivan, S., Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2013). Curvilinear relationship between phonological working memory load and social-emotional modulation. Cognition & Emotion, 27(2), 283–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.712948
  • Morey, R. D., & Rouder, J. N. (2018). BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes factors for common designs. https://cran.r-project.org/package=BayesFactor.
  • Mullin, B. C., Perlman, S. B., Versace, A., de Almeida, J. R. C., LaBarbara, E. J., Klein, C., Ladouceur, C. D., & Phillips, M. L. (2012). An fMRI study of attentional control in the context of emotional distracters in euthymic adults with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 201(3), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.09.002
  • Nadler, R. T., Rabi, R., & Minda, J. P. (2010). Better mood and better performance. Psychological Science, 21(12), 1770–1776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610387441
  • Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001). Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(3), 466–478. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.466
  • Öhman, A., Hamm, A., & Hugdahl, K. (2000). Cognition and the autonomic nervous system: Orienting, anticipation, and conditioning. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (2nd ed., pp. 533–575). Cambridge University Press.
  • Pardo, A., Ruiz, M. A., & San Martín, R. (2009). Análisis de datos en ciencias sociales y de la salud I. Síntesis.
  • Pessoa, L. (2009). How do emotion and motivation direct executive control? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(4), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.006
  • Piech, R. M., Pastorino, M. T., & Zald, D. H. (2010). All I saw was the cake. Hunger effects on attentional capture by visual food cues. Appetite, 54(3), 579–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.003
  • Pool, E., Brosch, T., Delplanque, S., & Sander, D. (2016). Attentional bias for positive emotional stimuli: A meta-analytic investigation. Psychological Bulletin, 142(1), 79–106. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000026
  • R Core Team. (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/.
  • Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2011). A Bayes factor meta-analysis of Bem's ESP claim. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(4), 682–689. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-011-0088-7
  • Rouder, J. N., Speckman, P. L., Sun, D., Morey, R. D., & Iverson, G. (2009). Bayesian t tests for accepting and rejecting the null hypothesis. In Psychonomic bulletin and review (Vol. 16, Issue 2, pp. 225–237). Springer. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.2.225
  • Schönbrodt, F. D., Wagenmakers, E. J., Zehetleitner, M., & Perugini, M. (2017). Sequential hypothesis testing with Bayes factors: Efficiently testing mean differences. Psychological Methods, 22(2), 322–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000061
  • Schuirmann, D. J. (1987). A comparison of the two one-sided tests procedure and the power approach for assessing the equivalence of average bioavailability. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 15(6), 657–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01068419
  • Schweizer, S., Satpute, A. B., Atzil, S., Field, A. P., Hitchcock, C., Black, M., Barrett, L. F., & Dalgleish, T. (2019). The impact of affective information on working memory: A pair of meta-analytic reviews of behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 145(6), 566–609. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000193
  • Sennwald, V., Pool, E., Brosch, T., Delplanque, S., Bianchi-Demicheli, F., & Sander, D. (2016). Emotional attention for erotic stimuli: Cognitive and brain mechanisms. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 524(8), 1668–1675. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.23859
  • Vuilleumier, P. (2005). How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(12), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.011
  • Wagenmakers, E. J., Love, J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Dropmann, D., Boutin, B., Meerhoff, F., Knight, P., Raj, A., van Kesteren, E. J., van Doorn, J., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Etz, A., Matzke, D., … Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part II: Example applications with JASP. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 25(1), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1323-7
  • Westlake, W. J. (1972). Use of confidence intervals in analysis of comparative bioavailability trials. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61(8), 1340–1341. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600610845
  • Yang, H., Yang, S., & Isen, A. M. (2013). Positive affect improves working memory: Implications for controlled cognitive processing. Cognition and Emotion, 27(3), 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.713325

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.