210
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Similarity to the self influences memory for social targets

ORCID Icon, , , &
Pages 595-616 | Received 27 Apr 2022, Accepted 23 Feb 2023, Published online: 29 Mar 2023

References

  • Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., & Hugenberg, K. (2007). The cross-category effect. Psychological Science, 18(8), 706–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01964.x
  • Bower, G. H., & Gilligan, S. G. (1979). Remembering information related to one’s self. Journal of Research in Personality, 13(4), 420–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(79)90005-9
  • Brandt, M. J., Reyna, C., Chambers, J. R., Crawford, J. T., & Wetherell, G. (2014). The ideological-conflict hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413510932
  • Brédart, S. (2016). A Self-reference effect on memory for people: We are particularly good at retrieving people named like us. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1751. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01751
  • Burden, C., Leach, R. C., Sklenar, A. M., Urban Levy, P., Frankenstein, A. N., & Leshikar, E. D. (2021). Examining the influence of brain stimulation to the medial prefrontal cortex on the self-reference effect in memory. Brain and Behavior, 11(12), e2368. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2368
  • Carlston, D. E. (1980). The recall and use of traits and events in social inference processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16(4), 303–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(80)90025-6
  • Cassidy, B. S. (2020). Valenced appearance-behavior cues affect the extent of impression memory. Memory, 28(5), 642–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1756337
  • Cassidy, B. S., & Gutchess, A. H. (2012). Social relevance enhances memory for impressions in older adults. Memory, 20(4), 332–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.660956
  • Cassidy, B. S., Leshikar, E. D., Shih, J. Y., Aizenman, A., & Gutchess, A. H. (2013). Valence-based age differences in medial prefrontal activity during impression formation. Social Neuroscience, 8(5), 462–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2013.832373
  • Chambers, J. R., Schlenker, B. R., & Collisson, B. (2013). Ideology and prejudice. Psychological Science, 24(2), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612447820
  • Crawford, J. T. (2017). Are conservatives more sensitive to threat than liberals? It depends on how we define threat and conservatism. Social Cognition, 35(4), 354–373. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2017.35.4.354
  • Crawford, J. T., & Pilanski, J. M. (2014). Political intolerance, right and left. Political Psychology, 35(6), 841–851. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00926.x
  • Crawford, M. T., Skowronski, J. J., Stiff, C., & Scherer, C. R. (2007). Interfering with inferential, but not associative, processes underlying spontaneous trait inference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(5), 677–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206298567
  • D’Argembeau, A., Comblain, C., & Van der Linden, M. (2005). Affective valence and the self-reference effect: Influence of retrieval conditions. British Journal of Psychology, 96(4), 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712605X53218
  • D’Argembeau, A., & Van der Linden, M. (2008). Remembering pride and shame: self-enhancement and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory. Memory, 16(5), 538–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210802010463
  • Dunning, D. (2012). The relation of self to social perception. In M. R. Leary, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 421–441). Guilford Press.
  • Falvello, V., Vinson, M., Ferrari, C., & Todorov, A. (2015). The robustness of learning about the trustworthiness of other people. Social Cognition, 33(5), 368–386. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2015.33.5.368
  • Fan, W., Zhong, Y., Li, J., Yang, Z., Zhan, Y., Cai, R., & Fu, X. (2016). Negative emotion weakens the degree of self-reference effect: Evidence from ERPs. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1408. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01408
  • Finkel, E. J., Bail, C. A., Cikara, M., Ditto, P. H., Iyengar, S., Klar, S., Mason, L., McGrath, M. C., Nyhan, B., Rand, D. G., Skitka, L. J., Tucker, J. A., Van Bavel, J. J., Wang, C. S., & Druckman, J. N. (2020). Political sectarianism in America. Science, 370(6516), 533–536. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe1715
  • Frankenstein, A. N., McCurdy, M. P., Sklenar, A. M., Pandya, R., Szpunar, K. K., & Leshikar, E. D. (2020). Future thinking about social targets: The influence of prediction outcome on memory. Cognition, 204, 104390–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104390
  • Frimer, J., Skitka, L. J., & Motyl, M. (2017). Liberals and conservatives are similarly motivated to avoid exposure to one another’s opinions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.04.003
  • Giannakopoulos, K. L., McCurdy, M. P., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., Urban Levy, P., & Leshikar, E. D. (2021). Less constrained practice tests enhance the testing effect for item memory but not context memory. The American Journal of Psychology, 134(3), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.3.0321
  • Green, J. D., Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2008). Forgotten but not gone: The recall and recognition of self-threatening memories. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 547–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.10.006
  • Ilenikhena, G. O., Narmawala, H., Sklenar, A. M., McCurdy, M. P., Gutchess, A. H., & Leshikar, E. D. (2021). STOP SHOUTING AT ME: The influence of case and self-referencing on explicit and implicit memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 685756. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685756
  • Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, Not ideology. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405–431. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038
  • Jennings, J. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (1993). Automatic versus intentional uses of memory: Aging, attention, and control. Psychology and Aging, 8(2), 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.8.2.283
  • Jost, J. T., & Amodio, D. M. (2012). Political ideology as motivated social cognition: Behavioral and neuroscientific evidence. Motivation and Emotion, 36(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-011-9260-7
  • Kadwe, P. P., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., Urban Levy, P., & Leshikar, E. D. (2022). The influence of memory on approach and avoidance decisions: Investigating the role of episodic memory in social decision making. Cognition, 225, 105072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105072
  • Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words? Memory & Cognition, 31(8), 1169–1180. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195800
  • Kesebir, S., & Oishi, S. (2010). A spontaneous self-reference effect in memory. Psychological Science, 21(10), 1525–1531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610383436
  • Klein, S. B., & Loftus, J. (1988). The nature of self-referent encoding: The contributions of elaborative and organizational processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.5
  • Lakens, D., & Caldwell, A. R. (2021). Simulation-based power analysis for factorial analysis of variance designs. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 4(1), 251524592095150. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245920951503
  • Leach, R. C., McCurdy, M. P., Trumbo, M. C., Matzen, L. E., & Leshikar, E. D. (2019). Differential Age effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on associative memory. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(7), 1163–1173. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby003
  • Leshikar, E. D., Cassidy, B. S., & Gutchess, A. H. (2016). Similarity to the self influences cortical recruitment during impression formation. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 16(2), 302–314. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0390-3
  • Leshikar, E. D., & Duarte, A. (2012). Medial prefrontal cortex supports source memory accuracy for self-referenced items. Social Neuroscience, 7(2), 126–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2011.585242
  • Leshikar, E. D., & Duarte, A. (2014). Medial prefrontal cortex supports source memory for self-referenced materials in young and older adults. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14(1), 236–252. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-013-0198-y
  • Leshikar, E. D., & Gutchess, A. H. (2015). Similarity to the self affects memory for impressions of others. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0101803
  • Leshikar, E. D., Leach, R. C., McCurdy, M. C., Trumbo, M. C., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., & Matzen, L. E. (2017). Transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during encoding improves recall but not recognition memory. Neuropsychologia, 106, 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.022
  • Leshikar, E. D., Park, J. M., & Gutchess, A. H. (2015). Similarity to the self affects memory for impressions of others in younger and older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(5), 737–742. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt132
  • Liberzon, I., Phan, K. L., Decker, L. R., & Taylor, S. F. (2003). Extended amygdala and emotional salience: A PET activation study of positive and negative affect. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(4), 726–733. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300113
  • Lundqvist, D., & Öhman, A. (2005). Emotion regulates attention: The relation between facial configurations, facial emotion, and visual attention. Visual Cognition, 12(1), 51–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280444000085
  • Maki, R. H., & McCaul, K. D. (1985). The effects of self-reference versus other reference on the recall of traits and nouns. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 23(3), 169–172. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03329817
  • Mallinas, S. R., Crawford, J. T., & Cole, S. (2018). Political opposites do not attract: The effects of ideological dissimilarity on impression formation. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 6(1), 49–75. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v6i1.747
  • Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(2), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63
  • Mason, L. (2015). Distinguishing the polarizing effects of ideology as identity, issue positions, and issue-based identity. In A paper presented at the center for the study of democratic politics conference on political polarization: Media and communication influences. Princeton University.
  • McCurdy, M. P., Leach, R. C., & Leshikar, E. D. (2017). The generation effect revisited: Fewer generation constraints enhances item and context memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 92, 202–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.06.007
  • McCurdy, M. P., Leach, R. C., & Leshikar, E. D. (2019). Fewer constraints enhance the generation effect for source memory in younger, but not older adults. Open Psychology, 1(1), 168–184. https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0012
  • McCurdy, M. P., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., & Leshikar, E. D. (2020a). Fewer generation constraints increase the generation effect for item and source memory through enhanced relational processing. Memory, 28(5), 598–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1749283
  • McCurdy, M. P., Viechtbauer, W., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., & Leshikar, E. D. (2020b). Theories of the generation effect and the impact of generation constraint: A meta-analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 27(6), 1139–1165. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01762-3
  • Meyer, M. L., & Lieberman, M. D. (2018). Why people are always thinking about themselves: Medial prefrontal cortex activity during rest primes self-referential processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 30(5), 714–721. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01232
  • Meyers, Z. R., McCurdy, M. P., Leach, R. C., Thomas, A. K., & Leshikar, E. D. (2020). Effects of survival processing on item and context memory: Enhanced memory for survival-relevant details. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02244
  • Minear, M., & Park, D. C. (2004). A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 630–633. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206543
  • Murty, V. P., FeldmanHall, O., Hunter, L. E., Phelps, E. A., & Davachi, L. (2016). Episodic memories predict adaptive value-based decision-making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(5), 548–558. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000158
  • Nairne, J. S., Pandeirada, J. N. S., & Thompson, S. R. (2008). Adaptive memory. Psychological Science, 19(2), 176–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02064.x
  • Nairne, J. S., Thompson, S. R., & Pandeirada, J. N. S. (2007). Adaptive memory: Survival processing enhances retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(2), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.33.2.263
  • Ochsner, K. N. (2000). Are affective events richly recollected or simply familiar? The experience and process of recognizing feelings past. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129(2), 242–261. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.129.2.242
  • Patel, S. P., McCurdy, M. P., Frankenstein, A. N., Sklenar, A. M., Urban Levy, P., Szpunar, K. K., & Leshikar, E. D. (2022). The reciprocal relationship between episodic memory and future thinking: How the outcome of predictions is subsequently remembered. Brain and Behavior, 12(9), e2603. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2603
  • Peeters, G., & Czapinski, J. (1990). Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects. European Review of Social Psychology, 1(1), 33–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779108401856
  • Rathbone, C. J., & Moulin, C. J. A. (2010). When’s your birthday? The self-reference effect in retrieval of dates. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(5), 737–743. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1657
  • Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 677–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.677
  • Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0504_2
  • Sahdra, B., & Ross, M. (2007). Group identification and historical memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(3), 384–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296103
  • Schaper, M. L., Mieth, L., & Bell, R. (2019). Adaptive memory: Source memory is positively associated with adaptive social decision making. Cognition, 186, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.01.014
  • Schneid, E. D., Carlston, D. E., & Skowronski, J. J. (2015). Spontaneous evaluative inferences and their relationship to spontaneous trait inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(5), 681–696. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039118
  • Sedikides, C., & Green, J. D. (2000). On the self-protective nature of inconsistency-negativity management: Using the person memory paradigm to examine self-referent memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 906–922. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.906. 10.1O37//OO22-3514.79.6.906.
  • Sedikides, C., & Green, J. D. (2004). What I don't recall can't hurt Me: Information negativity versus information inconsistency As determinants of memorial self-defense. Social Cognition, 22(1), 4–29. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.22.1.4.30987
  • Seta, C. E., & Seta, J. J. (1990). Identifying the sources of social actions: The role of source cues in person memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 779–790. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.779
  • Sherman, J. W., & Klein, S. B. (1994). Development and representation of personality impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 972–983. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.972
  • Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., Urban Levy, P., & Leshikar, E. D. (2022). The influence of memory for impressions based on behaviours and beliefs on approach/avoidance decisions. Cognition and Emotion, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2022.2130179
  • Sklenar, A. M., McCurdy, M. P., Frankenstein, A. N., Motyl, M., & Leshikar, E. D. (2021). Person memory mechanism underlying approach and avoidance judgments of social targets. Social Cognition, 39(6), 747–772. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2021.39.6.747
  • Skowronski, J. J., Betz, A. L., Thompson, C. P., & Shannon, L. (1991). Social memory in everyday life: Recall of self-events and other-events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(6), 831–843. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.831
  • Symons, C. S., & Johnson, B. T. (1997). The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.371
  • Todorov, A., & Uleman, J. S. (2003). The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors’ faces. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(6), 549–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00059-3
  • Udeogu, O. J., Frankenstein, A. N., Sklenar, A. M., Urban Levy, P., & Leshikar, E. D. (2022). Predicting and remembering the behaviors of social targets: How prediction accuracy affects episodic memory. BMC Psychology, 10(96), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00801-z
  • Uleman, J. (1988). Trait and gist inference norms for over 300 potential trait-implying sentences. Unpublished raw data.
  • Van Bavel, J. J., & Pereira, A. (2018). The partisan brain: An identity-based model of political belief. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(3), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.004
  • Villasenor, J. J., Sklenar, A. M., Frankenstein, A. N., Urban Levy, P., McCurdy, M. P., & Leshikar, E. D. (2021). Value-directed memory effects on item and context memory. Memory & Cognition, 49(6), 1082–1100. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-021-01153-6
  • Vrtička, P., Andersson, F., Sander, D., & Vuilleumier, P. (2009). Memory for friends or foes: The social context of past encounters with faces modulates their subsequent neural traces in the brain. Social Neuroscience, 4(5), 384–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470910902941793
  • Wänke, M., & Wyer, R. S. (1996). Individual differences in person memory: The role of sociopolitical ideology and in-group versus out-group membership in responses to socially relevant behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(7), 742–754. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296227008
  • Watson, L. A., Dritschel, B., Obonsawin, M. C., & Jentzsch, I. (2007). Seeing yourself in a positive light: brain correlates of the self-positivity bias. Brain Research, 1152, 106–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.049
  • Wells, B. M., Skowronski, J. J., Crawford, M. T., Scherer, C. R., & Carlston, D. E. (2011). Inference making and linking both require thinking: Spontaneous trait inference and spontaneous trait transference both rely on working memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1116–1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.013
  • Wing, E. A., Iyengar, V., Hess, T. M., LaBar, K. S., Huettel, S. A., & Cabeza, R. (2018). Neural mechanisms underlying subsequent memory for personal beliefs:An fMRI study. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 18(2), 216–231. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-0563-y
  • Wojciszke, B., Brycz, H., & Borkenau, P. (1993). Effects of information content and evaluative extremity on positivity and negativity biases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.327
  • Wolff, N., Kemter, K., Schweinberger, S. R., & Weise, H. (2014). What drives social in-group biases in face recognition memory? ERP evidence from the own-gender bias. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(5), 580–590. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst024
  • Zamboni, G., Gozzi, M., Krueger, F., Duhamel, J.-R., Sirigu, A., & Grafman, J. (2009). Individualism, conservatism, and radicalism as criteria for processing political beliefs: A parametric fMRI study. Social Neuroscience, 4(5), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470910902860308
  • Zengel, B., Skowronski, J. J., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2021). Mnemic neglect for behaviors enacted by members of one’s nationality group. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(7), 1286–1293. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211021245

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.