502
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

The effects of cognitive reappraisal and sleep on emotional memory formation

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 942-958 | Received 17 Dec 2021, Accepted 31 May 2023, Published online: 12 Jun 2023

References

  • Ackermann, S., & Rasch, B. (2014). Differential effects of non-REM and REM sleep on memory consolidation? Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 14(2), 430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-013-0430-8
  • Ahn, H. M., Kim, S. A., Hwang, I. J., Jeong, J. W., Kim, H. T., Hamann, S., & Kim, S. H. (2015). The effect of cognitive reappraisal on long-term emotional experience and emotional memory. Journal of Neuropsychology, 9(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12035
  • Aldao, A., & Mennin, D. S. (2012). Paradoxical cardiovascular effects of implementing adaptive emotion regulation strategies in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(2), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.12.004
  • Alger, S. E., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2018). Preferential consolidation of emotionally salient information during a nap is preserved in middle age. Neurobiology of Aging, 68, 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.03.030
  • Appleton, A. A., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2014). Emotion regulation and cardiovascular disease risk.
  • Ashton, J. E., & Cairney, S. A. (2021). Future-relevant memories are not selectively strengthened during sleep. PLOS ONE, 16(11), e0258110. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258110
  • Bennion, K. A., Mickley Steinmetz, K. R., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2015). Sleep and cortisol interact to support memory consolidation. Cerebral Cortex, 25(3), 646–657. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht255
  • Bennion, K. A., Payne, J. D., & Kensinger, E. A. (2017). Residual effects of emotion are reflected in enhanced visual activity after sleep. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 17(2), 290–304. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-016-0479-3
  • Berres, S., & Erdfelder, E. (2021). The sleep benefit in episodic memory: An integrative review and a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 147(12), 1309–1353. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000350
  • Butler, E. A., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2006). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, emotion, and emotion regulation during social interaction. Psychophysiology, 43(6), 612–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00467.x
  • Campos, J. J., Walle, E. A., Dahl, A., & Main, A. (2011). Reconceptualizing emotion regulation. Emotion Review, 3(1), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910380975
  • Cordi, M. J., & Rasch, B. (2021). How robust are sleep-mediated memory benefits? Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 67, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2020.06.002
  • Cox, R., Schapiro, A. C., Manoach, D. S., & Stickgold, R. (2017). Individual differences in frequency and topography of slow and fast sleep spindles. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00433
  • Cunningham, T. J., Crowell, C. R., Alger, S. E., Kensinger, E. A., Villano, M. A., Mattingly, S. M., & Payne, J. D. (2014). Psychophysiological arousal at encoding leads to reduced reactivity but enhanced emotional memory following sleep. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 114, 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2014.06.002
  • Davidson, P., Jönsson, P., Carlsson, I., & Pace-Schott, E. (2021). Does sleep selectively strengthen certain memories over others based on emotion and perceived future relevance?. Nature and Science of Sleep, 13, 1257–1306. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S286701
  • De Gennaro, L., & Ferrara, M. (2003). Sleep spindles: An overview. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 7(5), 423–440. https://doi.org/10.1053/smrv.2002.0252
  • Denis, D., Bottary, R., Cunningham, T. J., Zeng, S., Daffre, C., Oliver, K. L., Moore, K., Gazecki, S., Kram Mendelsohn, A., Martinez, U., Gannon, K., Lasko, N. B., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2021). Sleep power spectral density and spindles in PTSD and their relationship to symptom severity. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 766647. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.766647
  • Denis, D., Kim, S. Y., Kark, S. M., Daley, R. T., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2021). Slow oscillation-spindle coupling is negatively associated with emotional memory formation following stress. European Journal of Neuroscience, 55, 2632–2650. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15132
  • Denis, D., Mylonas, D., Poskanzer, C., Bursal, V., Payne, J. D., & Stickgold, R. (2021). Sleep spindles preferentially consolidate weakly encoded memories. The Journal of Neuroscience, 41(18), 4088–4099. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0818-20.2021
  • Denis, D., Sanders, K. E. G., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2022). Sleep preferentially consolidates negative aspects of human memory: Well-powered evidence from two large online experiments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(44), e2202657119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2202657119
  • Denson, T. F., Grisham, J. R., & Moulds, M. L. (2011). Cognitive reappraisal increases heart rate variability in response to an anger provocation. Motivation and Emotion, 35(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-011-9201-5
  • Dillon, D. G., Ritchey, M., Johnson, B. D., & LaBar, K. S. (2007). Dissociable effects of conscious emotion regulation strategies on explicit and implicit memory. Emotion, 7(2), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.354
  • Djonlagic, I., Mariani, S., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Van Der Klei, V. M. G. T. H., Johnson, D. A., Wood, A. C., Seeman, T., Hguyen, H. T., Prerau, M. J., Luchsinger, J. A., Dzierzewski, J. M., Rapp, S. R., Tranah, G. J., Yaffe, K., Burdick, K. E., Stone, K. L., Redline, S., & Purcell, S. M. (2021). Macro and micro sleep architecture and cognitive performance in older adults. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(1), 123–145. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00964-y
  • Dolcos, F., Katsumi, Y., Weymar, M., Moore, M., Tsukiura, T., & Dolcos, S. (2017). Emerging directions in emotional episodic memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01867
  • Erk, S., Von Kalckreuth, A., & Walter, H. (2010). Neural long-term effects of emotion regulation on episodic memory processes. Neuropsychologia, 48(4), 989–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.022
  • Feld, G. B., Weis, P. P., & Born, J. ( 2016). The limited capacity of sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, article no. 1368. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01368
  • Groch, S., Wilhelm, I., Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2013). The role of REM sleep in the processing of emotional memories: Evidence from behavior and event-related potentials. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 99, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2012.10.006
  • Gross, J. J. (1998a). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
  • Gross, J. J. (1998b). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224
  • Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00152
  • Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198
  • Gruber, R., & Cassoff, J. (2014). The interplay between sleep and emotion regulation: Conceptual framework empirical evidence and future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(11), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0500-x
  • Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A. (2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: A dual-process framework. Cognition & Emotion, 25(3), 400–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.544160
  • Hayes, J. P., Morey, R. A., Petty, C. M., Seth, S., Smoski, M. J., McCarthy, G., & LaBar, K. S. (2010). Staying cool when things get hot: Emotion regulation modulates neural mechanisms of memory encoding. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 230. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00230
  • Helfrich, R. F., Mander, B. A., Jagust, W. J., Knight, R. T., & Walker, M. P. (2018). Old brains come uncoupled in sleep: Slow wave-spindle synchrony, brain atrophy, and forgetting. Neuron, 97(1), 221–230.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.020
  • Hjorth, B. (1970). EEG analysis based on time domain properties. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 29(3), 306–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(70)90143-4
  • Hu, P., Stylos-Allen, M., & Walker, M. P. (2006). Sleep facilitates consolidation of emotional declarative memory. Psychological Science, 17(10), 891–898. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01799.x
  • Hutchison, I. C., & Rathore, S. (2015). The role of REM sleep theta activity in emotional memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1439. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01439
  • Kensinger, E. A., Garoff-Eaton, R. J., & Schacter, D. L. (2007). Effects of emotion on memory specificity: Memory trade-offs elicited by negative visually arousing stimuli. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(4), 575–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.05.004
  • Kim, S. H., & Hamann, S. (2012). The effect of cognitive reappraisal on physiological reactivity and emotional memory. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83(3), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.12.001
  • Kim, S. Y., Kark, S. M., Daley, R. T., Alger, S. E., Rebouças, D., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2019). Interactive effects of stress reactivity and rapid eye movement sleep theta activity on emotional memory formation. Hippocampus, 30(8), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.23138
  • Klinzing, J. G., Niethard, N., & Born, J. (2019). Mechanisms of systems memory consolidation during sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 22(10), 1598–1610. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0467-3
  • Knight, M., & Ponzio, A. (2013). The effects of emotion regulation on explicit memory depend on strategy and testing method. Emotion, 13(6), 1041–1054. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033533
  • Kolibius, L. D., Born, J., & Feld, G. B. (2021). Vast amounts of encoded items nullify but do not reverse the effect of sleep on declarative memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 607070. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607070
  • Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition & Emotion, 23(1), 4–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802619031
  • Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, 1(3), 39–58.
  • Lipinska, G., Stuart, B., Thomas, K. G. F., Baldwin, D. S., & Bolinger, E. (2019). Preferential consolidation of emotional memory during sleep: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01014
  • Loftus, E. F., Loftus, G. R., & Messo, J. (1987). Some facts about “weapon focus”. Law and Human Behavior, 11(1), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01044839
  • McRae, K., Ciesielski, B., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Unpacking cognitive reappraisal: Goals, tactics, and outcomes. Emotion, 12(2), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026351
  • Meng, X., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1992). Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.172
  • Morgan, D. P., Tamminen, J., Seale-Carlisle, T. M., & Mickes, L. (2019). The impact of sleep on eyewitness identifications. Royal Society Open Science, 6(12), 170501. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170501
  • Mylonas, D., Baran, B., Demanuele, C., Cox, R., Vuper, T. C., Deicol, B. J., Fowler, R. A., Correll, D., Parr, E., Callahan, C. E., Morgan, A., Henderson, D., Vangel, M., Stickgold, R., & Manoach, D. S. (2020). The effects of eszopiclone on sleep spindles and memory consolidation in schizophrenia: A randomized clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology, 45(13), 2189–2197. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00833-2
  • Mylonas, D., Tocci, C., Coon, W. G., Baran, B., Kohnke, E. J., Zhu, L., Vangel, M. G., Stickgold, R., & Manoach, D. S. (2019). Naps reliably estimate nocturnal sleep spindle density in health and schizophrenia. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(5), e12968. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12968
  • Newbury, C. R., & Monaghan, P. (2019). When does sleep affect veridical and false memory consolidation? A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26(2), 387–400. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-018-1528-4
  • Nishida, M., Pearsall, J., Buckner, R. L., & Walker, M. P. (2009). REM sleep, prefrontal theta, and the consolidation of human emotional memory. Cerebral Cortex, 19(5), 1158–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn155
  • Palmer, C. A., & Alfano, C. A. (2017). Sleep and emotion regulation: An organizing, integrative review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 31, 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.12.006
  • Payne, J. D., Chambers, A. M., & Kensinger, E. A. (2012). Sleep promotes lasting changes in selective memory for emotional scenes. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6, 108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2012.00108
  • Payne, J. D., & Kensinger, E. A. (2011). Sleep leads to changes in the emotional memory trace: Evidence from fMRI. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(6), 1285–1297. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21526
  • Payne, J. D., Kensinger, E. A., Wamsley, E. J., Spreng, R. N., Alger, S. E., Gibler, K., Schacter, D. L., & Stickgold, R. (2015). Napping and the selective consolidation of negative aspects of scenes. Emotion, 15(2), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038683
  • Payne, J. D., Stickgold, R., Swanberg, K., & Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Sleep preferentially enhances memory for emotional components of scenes. Psychological Science, 19(8), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02157.x
  • Purcell, S. M., Manoach, D. S., Demanuele, C., Cade, B. E., Mariani, S., Cox, R., Panagiotaropoulou, G., Saxena, R., Pan, J. Q., Smoller, J. W., Redline, S., & Stickgold, R. (2017). Characterizing sleep spindles in 11,630 individuals from the National Sleep Research Resource. Nature Communications, 8(1), 15930. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15930
  • Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013). About sleep’s role in memory. Physiological Reviews, 93(2), 681–766. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00032.2012
  • Ray, R. D., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2008). All in the mind's eye? Anger rumination and reappraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.133
  • Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(3), 410–424. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.410
  • Schäfer, S. K., Wirth, B. E., Staginnus, M., Becker, N., Michael, T., & Sopp, M. R. (2020). Sleep’s impact on emotional recognition memory: A meta-analysis of whole-night, nap, and REM sleep effects. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 51, 101280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101280
  • Sheppes, G., & Meiran, N. (2008). Divergent cognitive costs for online forms of reappraisal and distraction. Emotion, 8(6), 870–874. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013711
  • Sopp, M. R., Michael, T., Weeß, H.-G., & Mecklinger, A. (2017). Remembering specific features of emotional events across time: The role of REM sleep and prefrontal theta oscillations. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 17(6), 1186–1209. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-017-0542-8
  • Spaak, E. (2020). Meng’s Z-test for correlated correlation coefficients. MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved May 5, 2020. https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/37867-meng-s-z-test-for-correlated-correlation-coefficients
  • Staresina, B. P., Bergmann, T., Bonnefond, M., van der Meij, R., Jensen, O., Deuker, L., Elger, C. E., Axmacher, N., & Fell, J. (2015). Hierarchical nesting of slow oscillations, spindles and ripples in the human hippocampus during sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 18(11), 1679–1686. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4119
  • Steinberger, A., Payne, J. D., & Kensinger, E. A. (2011). The effect of cognitive reappraisal on the emotional memory trade-off. Cognition and Emotion, 25(7), 1237–1245. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.538373
  • Steinmetz, K. R., & Kensinger, E. A. (2013). The emotion-induced memory trade-off: More than an effect of overt attention? Memory & Cognition, 41(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0247-8
  • Studte, S., Bridger, E., & Mecklinger, A. (2017). Sleep spindles during a nap correlate with post sleep memory performance for highly rewarded word-pairs. Brain and Language, 167, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2016.03.003
  • Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 26(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080017
  • Vandekerckhove, M., & Wang, Y. L. (2018). Emotion, emotion regulation and sleep: An intimate relationship. AIMS Neuroscience, 5(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2018.5.1
  • van der Helm, E., & Walker, M. P. (2012). Sleep and affective brain regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(11), 773–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00464.x
  • Vargas, I., Payne, J. D., Muench, A., Kuhlman, K. R., & Lopez-Duran, N. L. (2019). Acute sleep deprivation and the selective consolidation of emotional memories. Learning & Memory, 26(6), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.049312.119
  • Vijayan, S., Lepage, K. Q., Kopell, N. J., & Cash, S. S. (2017). Frontal beta-theta network during REM sleep. eLife, 6, e18894. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18894
  • Wamsley, E. J., Tucker, M. A., Shinn, A. K., Ono, K. E., McKinley, S. K., Ely, A. V., Goff, D. C., Stickgold, R., & Manoach, D. S. (2012). Reduced sleep spindles and spindle coherence in schizophrenia: Mechanisms of impaired memory consolidation? Biological Psychiatry, 71(2), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.008
  • Wilhelm, I., Diekelmann, S., Molzow, I., Ayoub, A., Mölle, M., & Born, J. (2011). Sleep selectively enhances memory expected to be of future relevance. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(5), 1563–1569. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3575-10.2011
  • Yeh, N., Barber, S. J., Suri, G., & Opitz, P. (2020). The role of reappraisal success in emotional and memory outcomes. Emotion, 20(6), 939–950. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000575

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.