Sadness facilitates “deeper” reading comprehension: a behavioural and eye tracking study

References

• Arfé, B., Delatorre, P., & Mason, L. (2022). Effects of negative emotional valence on readers’ text processing and memory for text: An eye-tracking study. Reading and Writing, 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballenghein, U., Megalakaki, O., & Baccino, T. (2019). Cognitive engagement in emotional text Reading: Concurrent recordings of eye movements and head motion. Cognition and Emotion, 33(7), 1448–1460. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1574718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basso, M. R., Schefft, B. K., Ris, M. D., & Dember, W. N. (1996). Mood and global-local visual processing. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2(3), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617700001193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bates, D., Maechler, M., & Dai, B. (2007). The lme4 package. R Package Version, 2(1), 74.
   Google Scholar
• Beukeboom, C. J., & Semin, G. R. (2006). How mood turns on language. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(5), 553–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bless, H., Fiedler, K., & Forgas, J. P. (2006). Mood and the regulation of information processing and behavior. Affect in Social Thinking and Behavior, 6584.
   Google Scholar
• Bohn-Gettler, C. M. (2019). Getting a grip: The PET framework for studying how reader emotions influence comprehension. Discourse Processes, 56(5-6), 386–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohn-Gettler, C. M., & Rapp, D. N. (2011). Depending on my mood: Mood-driven influences on text comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(3), 562. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boys, C. V. (1959). Soap-bubbles and the Forces which Mould Them. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books.
   Google Scholar
• Derryberry, D., & Tucker, D. M. (1994). Motivating the focus of attention.
   Google Scholar
• Fiedler, K., & Bless, H. (2000). The formation of beliefs at the interface of affective and cognitive processes.
   Google Scholar
• Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: the affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117(1).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forgas, J. P. (2002). Feeling and doing: Affective influences on interpersonal behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 13(1), 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367–1377. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition & Emotion, 19(3), 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasper, K., & Clore, G. L. (2002). Attending to the big picture: Mood and global versus local processing of visual information. Psychological Science, 13(1), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman, T. L., Shaheen, R., Nylocks, K. M., Halachoff, D., Chapman, J., Flynn, J. J., & Coifman, K. G. (2017). A film set for the elicitation of emotion in research: A comprehensive catalog derived from four decades of investigation. Behavior Research Methods, 49, 2061–2082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1995). Emotion elicitation using films. Cognition and Emotion, 9(1), 87–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensinger, E. A. (2007). Negative emotion enhances memory accuracy: Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(4), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00506.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: a construction-integration model. Psychological Review, 95(2), 163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopp, K., Mello, S., & Mills, C. (2015). Influencing the occurrence of mind wandering while reading. Consciousness and Cognition, 34, 52–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft, M. A. (2020). Interpreting effect sizes of education interventions. Educational Researcher, 49(4), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X20912798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice. Cognition & Emotion, 14(4), 473–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999300402763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas, C. J., & Hox, J. J. (2005). Sufficient sample sizes for multilevel modeling. Methodology, 1(3), 86. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.1.3.86
   Google Scholar
• Megalakaki, O., Ballenghein, U., & Baccino, T. (2019). Effects of valence and emotional intensity on the comprehension and memorization of texts. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, C., Graesser, A., Risko, E. F., & D’Mello, S. K. (2017). Cognitive coupling during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, C., Wu, J., & D’Mello, S. (2019). Being sad is not always bad: The influence of affect on expository text comprehension. Discourse Processes, 56(2), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2017.1381059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K., Chace, K. H., & Slattery, T. J. (2006). Eye movements as reflections of comprehension processes in reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10(3), 241–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., & Reichle, E. D. (2003). Eye movements in reading: Models and data. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26(4), 507–518. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X03520106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Richland, L. E., Kornell, N., & Kao, L. S. (2009). The pretesting effect: Do unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance learning?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 15(3), 243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, A., Nils, F., Sanchez, X., & Philippot, P. (2010). Assessing the effectiveness of a large database of emotion-eliciting films: A new tool for emotion researchers. Cognition & Emotion, 24(7), 1153–1172. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903274322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scrimin, S., & Mason, L. (2015). Does mood influence text processing and comprehension? Evidence from an eye-movement study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(3), 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair, R. C., & Mark, M. M. (1995). The effects of mood state on judgemental accuracy: Processing strategy as a mechanism. Cognition & Emotion, 9(5), 417–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939508408974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. L., Ward, R. T., Allen, L. K., Wormwood, J. B., & Mills, C. (2022). Mind your words: Affective experience during reading mediates the effect of textual valence on comprehension. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 36(5), 1131–1141. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storbeck, J., & Clore, G. L. (2005). With sadness comes accuracy; With happiness, false memory mood and the false memory effect. Psychological Science, 16(10), 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01615.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storbeck, J., & Maswood, R. (2016). Happiness increases verbal and spatial working memory capacity where sadness does not: Emotion, working memory and executive control. Cognition and Emotion, 30(5), 925–938. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1034091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strukelj, A., & Niehorster, D. C. (2018). One page of text: Eye movements during regular and thorough reading, skimming, and spell checking. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 11(1).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevors, G., Bohn-Gettler, C., & Kendeou, P. (2021). The effects of experimentally induced emotions on revising common vaccine misconceptions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(11), 1966–1980. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211017840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Hecker, U., & Meiser, T. (2005). Defocused attention in depressed mood: Evidence from source monitoring. Emotion, 5(4), 456. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voßkühler, A., Nordmeier, V., Kuchinke, L., & Jacobs, A. M. (2008). OGAMA (Open Gaze and Mouse Analyzer): Open-source software designed to analyze eye and mouse movements in slideshow study designs. Behavior Research Methods, 40(4), 1150–1162. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.4.1150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H., Yang, S., & Isen, A. M. (2013). Positive affect improves working memory: Implications for controlled cognitive processing. Cognition & Emotion, 27(3), 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.713325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123(2), 162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar