Aberrant cognitive empathy in individuals with elevated social anxiety and regulation with emotional working memory training

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev).
   Google Scholar
• Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auyeung, K., & Alden, L. E. (2020). Accurate empathy, social rejection, and social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 8(2), 266–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619885410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auyeung, K. W., & Alden, L. E. (2016). Social anxiety and empathy for social pain. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9718-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S. J., & Munafò, M. R. (2013). Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(5), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69–93). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• du Toit, S. A., Kade, S. A., Danielson, C. T., Schweizer, S., Han, J., Torok, M., & Wong, Q. J. J. (2020). The effect of emotional working memory training on emotional and cognitive outcomes in individuals with elevated social anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 261, 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehm, L., Beesdo, K., Jacobi, F., & Fiedler, A. (2008). Social anxiety disorder above and below the diagnostic threshold: Prevalence, comorbidity and impairment in the general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(4), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0299-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, J. L., Harrison, T. L., Hicks, K. L., Draheim, C., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2017). Do the effects of working memory training depend on baseline ability level? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(11), 1677–1689. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimberg, R. G., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2010). A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: Update and extension. In S. G. Hofmann, & P. M. DiBartolo (Eds.), Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (pp. 395–422). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375096-9.00015-8.
   Google Scholar
• Holder, L. J., Prasad, A., Han, J., Torok, M., & Wong, Q. J. J. (2020). Shifting as a key executive function underlying cognitive restructuring for individuals with elevated social anxiety. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 94(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Mayo-Wilson, E., Dias, S., Mavranezouli, I., Kew, K., Clark, D. M., Ades, A. E., & Pilling, S. (2014). Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(5), 368–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70329-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchers, M., Montag, C., Reuter, M., Spinath, F. M., & Hahn, E. (2016). How heritable is empathy? Differential effects of measurement and subcomponents. Motivation and Emotion, 40(5), 720–730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-016-9573-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikolajewski, A. J., Chavarria, J., Moltisanti, A., Hart, S. A., & Taylor, J. (2014). Examining the factor structure and etiology of prosociality. Psychological Assessment, 26(4), 1259–1267. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, A. S., Mateen, M. A., Brozovich, F. A., Zaki, J., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Empathy for positive and negative emotions in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 87, 232–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, A. S., Mateen, M. A., Brozovich, F. A., Zaki, J., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2019). Changes in empathy mediate the effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy but not mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 50(6), 1098–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, L., Sunderland, M., Andrews, G., Rapee, R. M., & Mattick, R. P. (2012). Development of a short form social interaction anxiety (SIAS) and social phobia scale (SPS) using nonparametric item response theory: The SIAS-6 and the SPS-6. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittelkow, M. M., Aan Het Rot, M., Seidel, L. J., Feyel, N., & Roest, A. M. (2021). Social anxiety and empathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 78, 102357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes, N., Boulton, K. A., Han, J., Torok, M., & Wong, Q. J. J. (2020). Cognitive bias modification for the induction of negative versus benign interpretations of the self in individuals with elevated social anxiety: Effects on self-related and anxiety outcomes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(3), 567–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10074-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripoll, L. H., Zaki, J., Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., Snyder, R., Strike, K. S., Boussi, A., Bartz, J. A., Ochsner, K. N., Siever, L. J., & New, A. S. (2013). Empathic accuracy and cognition in schizotypal personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 210(1), 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweizer, S., Grahn, J., Hampshire, A., Mobbs, D., & Dalgleish, T. (2013). Training the emotional brain: Improving affective control through emotional working memory training. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(12), 5301–5311. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2593-12.2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweizer, S., Hampshire, A., & Dalgleish, T. (2011). Extending brain-training to the affective domain: Increasing cognitive and affective executive control through emotional working memory training. PLoS One, 6(9), e24372. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweizer, S., Samimi, Z., Hasani, J., Moradi, A., Mirdoraghi, F., & Khaleghi, M. (2017). Improving cognitive control in adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 93, 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, J. A., Oriña, M. M., & Ickes, W. (2003). When Accuracy hurts, and when it helps: A test of the empathic accuracy model in marital interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 881–893. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Springer, K. S., Levy, H. C., & Tolin, D. F. (2018). Remission in CBT for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 61, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibi-Elhanany, Y., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2011). Social cognition in social anxiety: First evidence for increased empathic abilities. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 48, 98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tone, E. B., & Tully, E. C. (2014). Empathy as a “risky strength”: A multilevel examination of empathy and risk for internalizing disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 26(4pt2), 1547–1565. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414001199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigneau, F., & Cormier, S. (2008). The factor structure of the state-trait anxiety inventory: An alternative view. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(3), 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701885027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Bastian, C. C., & Oberauer, K. (2013). Effects and mechanisms of working memory training: A review. Psychological Research, 78(6), 803–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-013-0524-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler adult intelligence scale-fourth edition (WAIS-IV). Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, Q. J. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2016). The aetiology and maintenance of social anxiety disorder: A synthesis of complementary theoretical models and formulation of a new integrated model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 84–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. (2008). It takes two: The interpersonal nature of empathic accuracy. Psychological Science, 19(4), 399–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02099.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. (2012). The neuroscience of empathy: Progress, pitfalls and promise. Nature Neuroscience, 15(5), 675–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar