234
Views
58
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Affect and Cognition in Close Relationships: Towards an Integrative Model

&
Pages 59-87 | Received 02 Sep 1986, Published online: 07 Jan 2008

References

  • Anderson , J. R. and Bower , G. H. 1973 . Human associative memory. , Washington, DC : Winston .
  • Arias , I. and Beach , S. R. H. “ The assessment of social cognition in the context of marriage. ” . In Assessment of marital discord. , Edited by: O'Leary , K. D. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. . (In press)
  • Averill , J. R. 1980 . “ On the paucity of positive emotions. ” . In Assessment and modification of emotional behavior , Edited by: Blankenstein , K. R. , Pliner , P. and Polivy , J. 7 – 45 . New York : Plenum .
  • Barnett , L. R. and Nietzel , M. T. 1979 . Relationship of instrumental and affectional behaviors and self-esteem to marital satisfaction in distressed and nondistressed couples. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 47 : 946 – 957 .
  • Berley , R. A. and Jacobson , N. S. 1982 . “ Causal attributions in intimate relationships: Toward a model of cognitive-behavioral marital therapy. ” . In Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy , Edited by: Kendall , P. Vol. 3 , 1 – 60 . New York : Academic .
  • Berscheid , E. 1984 . “ Attraction and emotion in interpersonal relations. ” . In Affect and cognition , Edited by: Clark , M. S. and Fiske , S. T. 37 – 54 . Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Berscheid , E. 1983 . “ Emotion ” . In Close relationships , Edited by: Kelley , H. H. , Berscheid , E. , Christensen , A. , Harvey , J. H. , Huston , T. L. , Levinger , G. , McClintock , E. , Peplau , L. A. and Peterson , D. R. 110 – 168 . San Francisco : Freeman .
  • Berscheid , E. 1985 . “ Compatibility, interdependence, and emotion. ” . In Compatible and incompatible relationships , Edited by: Ickes , W. 143 – 161 . New York : Springer .
  • Berscheid , E. and Walster , E. 1978 . Interpersonal attraction , (2nd ed.) , Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley .
  • Billings , A. 1979 . Conflict in distressed and nondistressed mamed couples. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 47 : 368 – 376 .
  • Birchler , G. R. , Weiss , R. L. and Vincent , J. P. 1975 . Multimethod analysis of social reinforcement exchange between maritally distressed and nondistressed spouse and stranger dyads. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 31 : 349 – 360 .
  • Blaney , P. H. 1986 . Affect and memory: A review. . Psychological Bulletin , 99 : 229 – 246 .
  • Bower , G. H. 1981 . Mood and memory. . American Psychologist , 36 : 129 – 148 .
  • Bower , G. H. and Cohen , P. R. 1982 . “ Emotional influences in memory and thinking: Data and theory. ” . In Affect and cognition: The 17th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition , Edited by: Clark , M. S. and Fiske , S. T. 291 – 331 . Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Bower , G. H. and Mayer , J. D. 1985 . Failure to replicate mood-dependent retrieval. . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 23 : 39 – 42 .
  • Bower , G. H. , Monteiro , K. P. and Gilligan , S. G. 1978 . Emotional mood as a context for learning and recall. . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 17 : 573 – 585 .
  • Bradbury , T. N. and Fincham , F. D. “ Assessment of affect in marriage. ” . In Assessment of marital discord , Edited by: O'Leary , K. D. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. . (In press)
  • Brehm , S. S. 1985 . Intimate relationships , New York : Random House .
  • Broderick , J. E. and O'Leary , K. D. 1986 . Contributions of affect, attitudes, and behavior to marital satisfaction. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 54 : 514 – 517 .
  • Christensen , A. , Sullaway , M. and King , C. E. 1983 . Systematic error in behavioral reports of dyadic interaction: Egocentric bias and content effects. . Behavioral Assessment , 5 : 129 – 140 .
  • Clark , M. S. and Isen , A. M. 1982 . “ Toward understanding the relationship between feeling states and social behavior. ” . In Cognitive social psychology , Edited by: Hastorf , A. H. and Isen , A. M. 73 – 108 . New York : Elsevier/North-Holland .
  • Coyne , J. C. , Kahn , J. and Gotlib , I. “ Depression. ” . In Family interaction and psychopathology. , Edited by: Jacob , T. New York : Pergamon. . (In press)
  • Darwin , C. 1872 . The expression of the emotions in man and animals. , London : John Murray .
  • Doherty , W. J. 1981 . (a). Cognitive processes in intimate conflict: I. Extending attribution theory. . American Journal of Family Therapy , 9 : 3 – 13 .
  • Doherty , W. J. 1981 . (b). Cognitive processes in intimate conflict: II. Efficacy and learned helplessness. . American Journal of Family Therapy , 9 : 35 – 44 .
  • Doherty , W. J. 1982 . Attribution style and negative problem solving in marriage. . Family Relations , 31 : 201 – 205 .
  • Doherty , W. J. and Ryder , R. G. 1979 . Locus of control, interpersonal trust, and assertive behavior among newlyweds. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 2212 – 2220 .
  • Duck , S. W. 1980 . Personal relationships research in the 1980s: Towards an understanding of complex human sociality. . The Western Journal of Speech Communication , 44 : 114 – 119 .
  • Easterbrook , J. A. 1959 . The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. . Psychological Review , 66 : 183 – 201 .
  • Elwood , R. W. and Jacobson , N. S. 1982 . Spouses' agreement in reporting their behavioral interactions: A clinical replication. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 50 : 783 – 784 .
  • Eysenck , H. J. and Wakefield , J. A. 1981 . Psychological factors as predictors of marital satisfaction. . Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy , 3 : 151 – 192 .
  • Eysenck , M. W. 1977 . “ Human memory ” . In Theory, research, and individual differences. , London : Pergamon .
  • Fichten , C. S. 1984 . See it from my point of view: Videotape and attributions in happy and distressed couples. . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 2 : 125 – 142 .
  • Fincham , F. D. 1985 . “ (a). Attributions in close relationships. ” . In Contemporary attribution theory and research , Edited by: Harvey , J. H. and Weary , G. 203 – 234 . New York : Academic .
  • Fincham , F. D. 1985 . (b). Attribution processes in distressed and nondistressed couples: 2. Responsibility for marital problems. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 94 : 183 – 190 .
  • Fincham , F. D. , Beach , S. R. and Baucom , D. H. “ Attribution processes in distressed and nondistressed couples: 4. Self-partner attribution differences. ” . In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. (In press)
  • Fincham , F. D. , Beach , S. and Nelson , G. “ Attribution processes in distressed and nondistressed couples: 3. Causal and responsibility attributions for spouse behavior. ” . In Cognitive Therapy and Research. (In press)
  • Fincham , F. D. and Bradbury , T. N. 1986 . Assessment of marital quality Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Fincham , F. D. and Bradbury , T. N. 1986 . “ (b). Attribution of responsibility in marriage ” . In Egocentric bias or partner-centric bias? Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Fincham , F. D. and Bradbury , T. N. 1986 . “ (c). The impact of attributions in marriage ” . In A longitudinal analysis. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Fincham , F. D. and Bradbury , T. N. 1986 . “ (d). Cognitive processes and conflict in close relationships ” . In An attribution-efficacy model. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Fincham , F. D. and O'teary , K. D. 1983 . Causal inferences for spouse behavior in maritally distressed and nondistressed couples. . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 1 : 42 – 57 .
  • Fiske , S. T. and Taylor , S. E. 1984 . Social cognition. , Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley .
  • Fletcher , G. J. O. 1983 . (a). The analysis of verbal explanations for marital separation: Implications for attribution theory. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 13 : 245 – 258 .
  • Fletcher , G. J. O. 1983 . (b). Sex differences in causal attributions for marital separation. . New Zealand Psychologist , 12 : 82 – 89 .
  • Floyd , F. J. and Markman , H. J. 1983 . Observational biases in spouse observation: Toward a cognitive/behavioral model of marriage. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 51 : 450 – 457 .
  • Forgas , J. P. , Bower , G. H. and Krantz , S. E. 1984 . The influence of mood on perceptions of social interactions. . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 20 : 497 – 513 .
  • Franzoi , S. L. , Davis , M. H. and Young , R. D. 1985 . The effects of private self-consciousness and perspective-taking on satisfaction in close relationships. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 1584 – 1594 .
  • Gilligan , S. G. and Bower , G. H. 1984 . “ Cognitive consequences of emotional arousal. ” . In Emotions, cognition, and behavior , Edited by: Izard , C. E. , Kagan , J. and Zajonc , R. B. 547 – 588 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Gottman , J. M. 1979 . “ Marital interaction ” . In Experimental investigations , New York : Academic .
  • Gottman , J. M. 1980 . Consistency of nonverbal affect and affect reciprocity in marital interaction. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 48 : 711 – 717 .
  • Gottman , J. M. and Levenson , R. W. 1984 . “ Why marriages fail: Affective and physiological patterns in marital interaction. ” . In Boundary areas in social and developmental psychology , Edited by: Masters , J. C. and Yarkin-Levin , K. 67 – 106 . New York : Academic .
  • Gottman , J. M. and Levenson , R. W. 1985 . A valid procedure for obtaining self-report of affect in marital interaction. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 53 : 151 – 160 .
  • Gottman , J. M. and Levenson , R. W. 1986 . Assessing the role of emotion in marriage. . Behavioral Assessment , 8 : 31 – 48 .
  • Gottman , J. M. , Markman , H. and Notarius , C. 1977 . The topography of marital conflict: A sequential analysis of verbal and nonverbal behavior. . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 39 : 461 – 477 .
  • Gottman , J. M. , Notarius , C. , Markman , H. , Banks , S. , Yoppi , B. and Rubin , M. E. 1976 . Behavior exchange theory and marital decision making. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 34 : 14 – 23 .
  • Greenberg , L. S. and Johnson , S. M. 1986 . “ Emotionally focused couples therapy. ” . In Clinical handbook of marital therapy , Edited by: Jacobson , N. S. and Gurman , A. S. 253 – 276 . New York : Guilford .
  • Gurman , A. S. and Kniskern , D. P. 1978 . “ Research on marital and family therapy: Progress, perspective, and prospect. ” . In Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Garfield , S. L. and Bergin , A. E. 817 – 902 . New York : Wiley .
  • Hahlweg , K. and Jacobson , N. S. 1978 . “ Marital interaction ” . In Analysis and modification. , New York : Guilford .
  • Harvey , J. H. , Wells , G. L. and Alvarez , M. D. 1978 . “ Attribution in the context of conflict and separation in close relationships. ” . In New directions in attribution research , Edited by: Harvey , J. H. , Ickes , W. J. and Kidd , R. F. Vol. 2 , 235 – 260 . Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1979 . Automatic and effortful processes in memory. . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 108 : 356 – 388 .
  • Hendrick , C. and Hendrick , S. 1983 . Liking, loving and relating. , Monterey, Cal. : Brooks/ Cole .
  • Hendrick , C. and Hendrick , S. 1986 . A theory and method of love. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 392 – 402 .
  • Holtnvorth-Munroe , A. and Jacobson , N. S. 1985 . Causal attributions of married couples: When do they search for causes? What do they conclude when they do? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 1398 – 1412 .
  • Ickes , W. 1985 . Compatible and incompatible relationships. , New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Isen , A. M. 1984 . “ Toward understanding the role of affect in cognition. ” . In Handbook of social cognition , Edited by: Wyer , R. S. Jr. and Srull , T. K. Vol. 3 , 179 – 236 . Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Isen , A. M. , Shalker , T. , Clark , M. and Karp , L. 1978 . Affect, accessibility of material in memory, and behavior: A cognitive loop? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 1 – 12 .
  • Jacobson , N. S. 1984 . “ The modification of cognitive processes in behavioral marital therapy: Integrating cognitive and behavioral intervention strategies. ” . In Marital interaction: Analysis and modification , Edited by: Hahlweg , K. and Jacobson , N. S. 285 – 308 . New York : Guilford .
  • Jacobson , N. S. , Follette , W. C. and McDonald , D. W. 1982 . Reactivity to positive and negative behaviors in distressed and nondistressed married couples. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 50 : 706 – 714 .
  • Jacobson , N. S. and Gurman , A. S. 1986 . Clinical handbook of marital therapy. , New York : Guildford .
  • Jacobson , N. S. , McDonald , D. W. , Follette , W. C. and Berley , R. A. 1985 . Attributional processes in distressed and nondistressed married couples. . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 9 : 35 – 50 .
  • Jacobson , N. S. and Moore , D. 1981 . Spouses as observers of the events in their relationship. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 49 : 269 – 277 .
  • Jacobson , N. S. , Waldron , H. and Moore , D. 1980 . Toward a behavioral profile of marital distress. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 48 : 696 – 703 .
  • Kelley , H. H. 1979 . Personal relationships: Their structures and processes. , Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Kelley , H. H. 1983 . The situational origins of human tendencies: A further reason for the formal analysis of structures. . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 9 : 8 – 30 .
  • Kelley , H. H. 1984 . The theoretical description of interdependence by means of transition lists. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 : 956 – 982 .
  • Kelley , H. H. 1985 . “ Affect in interpersonal relations. ” . In Review of personality and social psychology , Edited by: Shaver , P. Vol. 5 , 89 – 115 . Beverly Hills, C.A. : Sage .
  • Kelley , H. H. , Berscheid , E. , Christensen , A. , Harvey , I. H. , Huston , T. L. , Levinger , G. , McClintock , E. , Peplau , L. A. and Peterson , D. 1983 . Close relationships. , San Francisco : Freeman .
  • Kihlstrom , J. 1981 . “ On personality and memory. ” . In Personality, cognition, and social interaction , Edited by: Cantor , N. and Kihlstrom , J. 123 – 149 . Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Knudson , R. M. , Sommers , A. A. and Golding , S. L. 1980 . Interpersonal perception and mode of resolution in marital conflict. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 751 – 763 .
  • Kyle , S. O. and Falbo , T. 1985 . Relationships between marital stress and attributional preferences for own and spouse behavior. . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 3 : 339 – 351 .
  • Lang , P. J. 1968 . “ Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. ” . In Research in psychotherapy , Edited by: Schlien , J. M. Vol. 3 , 90 – 102 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Levenson , R. W. and Gottman , J. M. 1983 . Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 : 587 – 597 .
  • Levenson , R. W. and Gottman , J. M. 1985 . Physiological and affective predictors of change in relationship satisfaction. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 49 : 85 – 94 .
  • Madden , M. E. and Janoff-Bulman , R. 1981 . Blame, control, and marital satisfaction: Wives attributions for conflict in marriage. . Journal of Marriage and the Family. , 43 : 663 – 674 .
  • Margolin , G. 1978 . Relationships among marital assessment procedures: A correlational study. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 46 : 1556 – 1558 .
  • Margolin , G. 1981 . Behavior exchange in happy and unhappy marriages: A family cycle perspective. . Behavior Therapy , 12 : 329 – 343 .
  • Margolin , G. and Wampold , B. E. 1981 . Sequential analysis of conflict and accord in distressed and nondistressed marital partners. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 49 : 554 – 567 .
  • Markman , H. 1979 . Application of a behavioral model of marriage in predicting relationship satisfaction of couples planning marriage. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 47 : 743 – 749 .
  • Markman , H. 1981 . Prediction of marital distress: A 5-year follow-up. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 49 : 760 – 762 .
  • Neimeyer , G. J. 1984 . Cognitive complexity and marital satisfaction. . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 2 : 258 – 263 .
  • Newman , H. M. and Langer , E. J. 1981 . Post-divorce adaptation and the attribution of responsibility. . Sex Roles , 7 : 223 – 232 .
  • Newman , H. M. and Langer , E. J. 1983 . “ Social-personal inference in clinical psychology ” . In Investigating the development and Courses of intimate relationships: A cognitive model. , Edited by: Abramson , L. Y. 120 – 137 . New York : Guilford .
  • Orvis , B. R. , Kelley , H. H. and Butler , D. 1976 . “ Attributional conflict in young couples. ” . In New direction in attribution research , Edited by: Harvey , J. H. , Ickes , W. and Kidd , R. F. Vol. 1 , 353 – 386 . Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Paolino , T. J. and McCrady , B. S. 1978 . Marriage and marital therapy: Psychoanalytic, behavioral, and system theory perspectives. , New York : Brunner/Mazel .
  • Raush , H. L. , Barry , W. A. , Hertel , R. K. and Swain , M. A. 1974 . Communication, conflict, and marriage. , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
  • Robinson , E. A. and Price , M. G. 1980 . Pleasurable behavior in marital interaction: An observational study. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 48 : 117 – 118 .
  • Ross , M. and Sicoly , F. 1979 . Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 322 – 336 .
  • Rusbult , C. E. 1983 . A longitudinal test of the investment model: The development (and deterioration) of satisfaction and commitment in heterosexual involvements. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 : 101 – 117 .
  • Sabatelli , R. M. and Buck , R. 1983 . Cognitive style and relationship quality in married dyads. . Journal of Personality , 51 : 192 – 201 .
  • Schaap , C. 1982 . Communication and adjustment in marriage. , The Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, B.V .
  • Schachter , J. and O'Leary , K. D. 1985 . Affective intent and impact in marital communication. . The American Journal of Family Therapy , 13 : 17 – 23 .
  • Schriber , J. B. , Lanvood , L. and Peterson , J. L. 1985 . Bias in the attribution of marital conflict. . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 47 : 717 – 721 .
  • Seligman , C. , Fazio , R. H. and Zanna , M. P. 1980 . Effects of salience of extrinsic rewards on liking and loving. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 453 – 460 .
  • Shields , N. M. and Hanneke , C. R. 1983 . Attribution processes in violent relationships: Perceptions of violent husbands and their wives. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 13 : 515 – 527 .
  • Sillars , A. L. 1985 . “ Interpersonal perception in relationships. ” . In Compatible and incompatible relationships , Edited by: Ickes , W. 277 – 305 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Snyder , M. and White , P. 1982 . Moods and memories: Elation, depression, and the remembering of the events of one's life. . Journal of Personality , 50 : 149 – 167 .
  • Sternberg , R. J. 1986 . A triangular theory of love. . Psychological Review , 93 : 119 – 135 .
  • Stemberg , R. J. and Barnes , M. L. 1985 . Real and ideal others in romantic relationships: Is four a crowd? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 49 : 1586 – 1608 .
  • Thompson , S. C. and Kelley , H. H. 1981 . Judgments of responsibility for activities in close relationships. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 41 : 469 – 477 .
  • Ting-Toomey , S. 1983 . An analysis of verbal communication patterns in high and low marital adjustment groups. . Human Communication Research , 9 : 306 – 319 .
  • Tolstedt , B. E. and Stokes , J. P. 1983 . Relation of verbal, affective and physical intimacy to marital satisfaction. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 30 : 573 – 580 .
  • Tulving , F. and Thomson , D. M. 1973 . Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. . Psychological Review , 80 : 352 – 373 .
  • Tversky , A. and Kahneman , D. 1973 . Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. . Cognitive Psychology , 5 : 207 – 232 .
  • Vincent , J. P. , Weiss , R. L. and Birchler , G. R. 1975 . A behavioral analysis of problem-solving in distressed and nondistressed married and stranger dyads. . Behavior Therapy , 6 : 475 – 487 .
  • Walster , E. , Walster , G. W. and Berscheid , E. 1978 . Equity: Theory and research. , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
  • Wegner , D. M. , Giuliano , T. and Hertel , P. T. 1985 . “ Cognitive interdependence in close relationships. ” . In Compatible and incompatible relationships , Edited by: Ickcs , W. 253 – 276 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Weiner , B. 1979 . A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 71 : 3 – 25 .
  • Weiner , B. 1982 . “ The emotional consequences of causal attributions. ” . In Affect and cognition: The 17th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition , Edited by: Clark , M. S. and Fiske , S. T. 185 – 200 . Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Weiner , B. 1985 . (a). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. . Psychological Review , 92 : 548 – 573 .
  • Weiner , B. 1985 . (b). “Spontaneous” causal search. . Psychological Bulletin , 97 : 74 – 84 .
  • Weiner , B. and Graham , S. 1984 . “ An attributional approach to emotional development. ” . In Emotions, cognition, and behavior , Edited by: Izard , C. E. , Kagan , J. and Zajonc , R. B. 167 – 191 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Weiss , R. L. 1980 . “ Strategic behavioral marital therapy: Toward a model for assessment and intervention. ” . In Advances in family intervention, assessment and theory , Edited by: Vincent , J. P. 229 – 271 . Greenwich, Conn. : JAI Press .
  • Weiss , R. L. 1984 . “ Cognitive and strategic interventions in behavioral marital therapy. ” . In Marital interaction: Analysis and modification. , Edited by: Hahlweg , K. and Jacobson , N. S. 337 – 355 . New York : Guilford .
  • Wills , T. A. , Weiss , R. L. and Patterson , G. R. 1974 . A behavioral analysis of the determinants of marital satisfaction. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 42 : 802 – 811 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.