343
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Individual Differences and Arousal: Implications for the Study of Mood and Memory

&
Pages 209-237 | Received 13 Dec 1989, Published online: 07 Jan 2008

References

  • Anderson , K. J. 1988 . Impulsivity, caffeine and task difficulty: A within-subjects test of the Yerkes-Dodson Low , Colgate University . Unpublished manuscript
  • Anderson , K. J. 1990 . Arousal and the inverted-U hypothesis: A critique of Neiss' “Reconceptualizing arousal” . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 96 – 100 .
  • Anderson , K. J. and Revelle , W. 1982 . Impulsivity, caffeine, and proofreading: A test of the Easterbrook hypothesis . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 8 : 614 – 624 .
  • Anderson , K. J. and Revelle , W. 1983 . The interactive effects of caffeine, impulsivity, and task demands on a visual search task . Personality and Individual Differences , 4 : 127 – 134 .
  • Anderson , K. J. , Revelle , W. and Lynch , M. J. 1990 . Arousal and memory scanning: a comparison of two explanations for the Yerkes-Dodson effect . Motivation and Emotion , 13 : 1 – 20 .
  • Bakan , P. , Belton , J. and Toth , J. 1963 . “ Extraversion-introversion and decrement in an auditory vigilance task ” . In Vigilance: a symposium , Edited by: Buckner , D. N. and McGrath , J. J. 22 – 33 . New York : McGraw Hill .
  • Benzuly , M. 1985 . Caffeine and memory load: Their effect on analogical reasoning , Evanston, IL : Northwestern University . Unpublished thesis
  • Berlyne , D. E. 1960 . Conflict, arousal, and curiosity , New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Berlyne , D. , Borsa , D. , Craw , R. , Gelman , R. and Mandell , E. 1965 . Effects of stimulus complexity and induced arousal on paired-associate learning . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 4 : 291 – 299 .
  • Berlyne , D. E. and Carey , S. T. 1968 . Incidental learning and the timing of arousal . Psychonomic Science , 13 : 103 – 104 .
  • Blake , M. J. F. 1967a . Time of day effects on performance in a range of tasks . Psychonomic Science , 9 : 349 – 350 .
  • Blake , M. J. F. 1967b . Relationship between circadian rhythm of body temperature and introversion-extraversion . Nature , 215 : 896 – 897 .
  • Blaney , P. H. 1986 . Affect and memory: A review . Psychological Bulletin , 99 : 229 – 246 .
  • Bower , G. 1981 . Mood and Memory . American Psychologist , 36 : 129 – 148 .
  • Bower , G. H. 1987 . Commentary on mood and memory . Behavior Research and Therapy , 25 : 443 – 455 .
  • Bower , G. H. , Gilligan , S. G. and Montiero , K. P. 1981 . Selectivity of learning caused by affective states . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 110 : 451 – 473 .
  • Bower , G. H. and Mayer , J. D. 1985 . Failure to replicate mood-dependent retrieval . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 23 : 39 – 42 .
  • Bowyer , P. , Humphreys , M. S. and Revelle , W. 1983 . Arousal and recognition memory: The effects of impulsivity, caffeine, and time on task . Personality and Individual Differences , 4 : 41 – 49 .
  • Broadbent , D. E. 1971 . Decision and stress , London : Academic Press .
  • Broadhurst , P. L. 1959 . The interaction of task difficulty and motivation: The Yerkes-Dodson Law revived . Acta Psychologica , 16 : 321 – 338 .
  • Burrows , D. and Okada , R. 1976 . Parallel scanning of physical and category information . Memory and Cognition , 4 : 31 – 35 .
  • Butter , M. J. 1970 . Differential recall of paired associates as a function of arousal and concreteness-imagery levels . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 84 : 252 – 256 .
  • Claridge , G. 1967 . Personality ad arousal , Oxford Pergamon .
  • Clark , D. M. and Teasdale , J. D. 1985 . Constraints on the effects of mood on memory . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 1595 – 1608 .
  • Clark , M. S. 1982 . “ A role for arousal in the link between feeling states, judgments, and behaviors ” . In Affect and cognition , Edited by: Clark , M. and Fike , S. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. .
  • Clark , M. S. , Milberg , S. and Ross , J. 1983 . Arousal cues arousal-related material in memory: Implications for understanding effects of mood on memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 22 : 633 – 649 .
  • Corcoran , D. W. J. 1965 . Personality and the inverted-U relation . British Journal of Psychology , 56 : 267 – 273 .
  • Corcoran , D. W. J. 1972 . “ Studies of individual differences at the applied psychology unit ” . In Biological bases of individual behavior , Edited by: Nebylitsyn , V. D. and Gray , J. A. 269 – 290 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Corteen , R. S. 1969 . Skin conductance changes and word recall . British Journal of Psychology , 60 : 81 – 84 .
  • Deffenbacher , K. , Platt , G. and Williams , M. 1974 . Differential recall as a function of socially induced arousal and retention interval . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 103 : 809 – 811 .
  • Douglas , V. I. 1972 . Stop, look and listen: the problem of sustained attention and impulse control in hyperactive and normal children . Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science , 4 : 259 – 282 .
  • Duffy , E. 1972 . “ Activation ” . In Handbook of psychophysiology , Edited by: Greenfield , N. S. and Sternbach , R. A. 577 – 622 . New York : Holt, Reinhart, & Winston .
  • Easterbrook , J. A. 1959 . The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior . Psychological Review , 66 : 183 – 201 .
  • Eich , E. and Metcalf , J. 1989 . Mood dependent memory for internal vs. external events . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 15 : 443 – 455 .
  • Ellis , H. C. , Thomas , R. L. , McFarland , A. and Lane , J. 1985 . Emotional mood states and retrieval in episodic memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 11 : 363 – 370 .
  • Ellis , H. C. , Thomas , R. and Rodriguez , I. 1984 . Emotional mood states and memory: Elaborative encoding, semantic processing. and cognitive effort . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 10 : 470 – 482 .
  • Eysenck , H. J. 1967 . The biological basis of personality , Springfield : Thomas .
  • Eysenck , H. J. , ed. 1981 . A model for personality , New York : Springer .
  • Eysenck , H. J. and Eysenck , M. W. 1985 . Personality and individual differences: a natural science approach , New York : Plenum .
  • Eysenck , H. J. and Eysenck , S. B. G. 1964 . Eysenck Personality Inventory , San Diego : Educational and Industrial Testing Service .
  • Eysenck , M. W. 1977 . Human memory , Oxford : Pergamon .
  • Eysenck , M. W. 1981 . “ Learning, memory and personality ” . In A model for personality , Edited by: Eysenck , H. J. 169 – 209 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
  • Eysenck , M. W. and Mathew , A. 1987 . “ Trait anxiety and cognition ” . In Theoretical foundations of behavior therapy , Edited by: Eysenck , H. J. and Martin , I. 197 – 216 . New York : Plenum .
  • Eysenck , S. B. G. and Eysenck , H. J. 1976 . Manual of the EPQ (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire , London : Hodder, & Stoughton .
  • Fagerstöm , K. O. and Lisper , H. O. 1977 . “ Effects of listening to car radio. experience, and personality of the driver on subsidiary reaction time and heart rate in a long-term driving task ” . In Vigilance , Edited by: Mackie , R. R. 73 – 86 . New York : Plenum .
  • Foa , E. , McNally , R. and Murdock , T. 1989 . Anxious mood and memory . Behavior Research and Therapy , 27 : 141 – 147 .
  • Folkard , S. 1975 . Diurnal variation in logical reasoning . British Journal of Psychology , 66 : 1 – 8 .
  • Folkard , S. 1976 . Diurnal variation and individual differences in the perception of intractable pain . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 20 : 289 – 301 .
  • Folkard , S. , Knauth , P. , Monk , T. H. and Rutenfranz , J. 1976 . The effect of memory load on the circadian variation in performance efficiency under a rapidly rotating shift system . Ergonomics , 19 : 479 – 488 .
  • Folkard , S. and Monk , T. H. 1980 . Circadian rhythms in human memory . British Journal of Psychology , 71 : 295 – 307 .
  • Folkard , S. , Monk , T. H. , Bradbury , R. and Rosenthal , J. 1977 . Time of day effects in school children's immediate and delayed recall of meaningful material . British Journal of Psychology , 58 : 45 – 50 .
  • Fowler , B. , Hamilton , H. and Porlier , G. . Interactions between ethanol, amphetamine, and inert gas narcosis on the performance of a memory scanning task . 9th International symposium on underwater and hyperbaric physiology . Bethesda, Md : Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society .
  • Fuller , A. R. 1978 . Personality and paired-associate learning . International Journal of Psychology , 13 : 123 – 128 .
  • Gale , A. 1981 . “ EEG studies of extraversion-introversion what's the next step? ” . In Dimensions of personality: essays in honour of H. J. Eysenck , Edited by: Lynn , R. Oxford : Pergamon .
  • Gale , A. 1986 . “ Extraversion-Introversion and spontaneous rhythms of the brain: retrospect and prospect ” . In The biological bases of personality and behavior: psychophysiology, performance, and application , Edited by: Strelau , J. , Farley , F. H. and Gale , A. Vol. 2 , 25 – 42 . Washington, D.C : Hemisphere .
  • Geen , R. 1973 . Effects of being observed on short- and long-term recall . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 100 : 395 – 398 .
  • Geen , R. 1974 . Effects of evaluation apprehension on memory over intervals of varying length . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 102 : 908 – 910 .
  • Gray , J. A. 1987 . The psychology of fear and stress , New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Grossberg , S. 1987 . The adaptive brain. I: cognition, learning, reinforcement, rhythm , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Hamilton , K. , Fowler , B. and Porlier , G. 1989 . The effects of hyperbaric air in combination with ethyl alcohol rod dextroamphetamine on serial choice-reaction time . Ergonomics , 32 : 409 – 422 .
  • Hebb , D. O. 1955 . Drives and the C.N.S. (conceptual nervous system) . Psychological Review , 62 : 243 – 254 .
  • Hockey , R. 1979 . “ Stress and cognitive components of skilled performance ” . In Human stress and cognition , Edited by: Hamilton , V. and Warburton , D. M. 141 – 178 . Chichester : Wiley .
  • Hockey , R. 1986 . “ Temperament differences in Vigilance performance as a function of variations in the suitability of ambient noise level ” . In The biological bases of personality and behavior: psychophysiology, performance, and application , Edited by: Strclau , J. , Farley , F. H. and Gale , A. 163 – 171 . Washington, D.C. : Hemisphere .
  • Howarth , E. and Eysenck , H. J. 1968 . Extraversion, arousal, and paired-associate recall . Journal of Experimental Research in Personality , 3 : 114 – 116 .
  • Hull , C. 1952 . A behavior system , New Haven : Yale .
  • Humphreys , M. S. and Revelle , W. 1984 . Personality. motivation, and performance: A theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing . Psychological Review , 91 : 153 – 184 .
  • Kaplan , R. and Kaplan , S. 1969 . The arousal-retention interval interaction revisited The effects of some procedural changes . Psychonomic Science , 15 : 84 – 85 .
  • Kaplan , S. , Kaplan , R. and Sampson , J. R. 1968 . Encoding and arousal factors in free recall of verbal and visual material . Psychonomic Science. , 12 : 73 – 74 .
  • Keister , M. E. and McLaughlin , R. I. 1972 . Vigilance performance related to extraversion-introversion and caffeine . Journal of Experimental Research in Personality , 6 : 5 – 11 .
  • Kleinsmith , L. J. and Kaplan , S. 1963 . Paired date learning as a function of arousal and interpolated interval . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 65 : 190 – 193 .
  • Kleinsmith , L. J. and Kaplan , S. 1964 . Interaction of arousal and recall interval in nonsense syllable paired-associate learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology. , 67 : 124 – 126 .
  • Lacey , J. 1967 . “ Somatic response patterning and stress: some revisions of activation theory ” . In Psychological stress , Edited by: Appley , M. H. and Trumbell , R. New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
  • Light , K. A. and Ellis , J. C. 1981 . Emotional mood states, strategies. and state dependency in memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour , 20 : 251 – 266 .
  • Levonian , E. 1966 . Attention and consolidation as factors in retention . Psychonomic Science. , 6 : 275 – 276 .
  • Loftus , D. A. 1990 . Affect and arousal in the study of mood and memory , Evanston, IL : Northwestern University . Unpublished dissertation
  • McGaugh , J. L. 1990 . Significance and remembrance: the role of neuromodulatory systems . Psychological Science , 1 : 15 – 25 .
  • McLaughlin , R. J. 1968 . Retention in paired-associate learning related to extroversion and neuroticism . Psychonomic Science , 13 : 333 – 334 .
  • McLean , P. D. 1969 . Induced arousal and time of recall as determinants of paired-associate recall . British Journal of Psychology , 60 : 57 – 62 .
  • Mackie , R. R. , ed. 1977 . Vigilance , New York : Plenum Press .
  • Maltanan , I. , Kantor , W. and Langdon , B. 1966 . Immediate and delayed retention, arousal, and the orienting and defensive reflexes . Psychonomic Sciences , 6 : 445 – 446 .
  • Mathews , A. and Eysenck , M. W. 1987 . “ Clinical anxiety and cognition ” . In Theoretical foundations of behavior therapy , Edited by: Eysenck , H. J. and Martin , I. 197 – 216 . New York : Plenum .
  • Mewaldt , S. P. , Hinrichs , J. V. and Ghoneim , M. M. 1984 . Diazepam and memory: Support for a duplex model of memory . Memory and Cognition. , 11 : 557 – 564 .
  • Neiss , R. 1988 . Reconceptualizing arousal: Psychobiological states in motor performance . Psychological Bulletin. , 103 : 345 – 366 .
  • O'Gorman , J. G. 1977 . Individual differences in habituation of human physiological responses: a review of theory. method, and findings in the study of personality correlates in non-clinical populations . Biological Psychology. , 5 : 257 – 318 .
  • Oakhill , J. 1986 . Effects of time of day and information importance on adults memory for a short story . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Section A. Human Experimental Psychology , 38 : 419 – 430 .
  • Perrig , W. and Perrig , P. 1988 . Mood and memory: Mood-congruity effects in absence of mood . Memory and Cognition , 16 : 102 – 109 .
  • Puchalski , M. 1988 . Impulsivity, time of day, and retention interval: the effect on cognitive performance , Evanston, IL. : Northwestern University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Puchalski , M. and Revelle , W. 1989 . Impulsivity, time of day and retention interval: the effect on cognitive performance , Evanston, IL. : Northwestern University . Unpublished manuscript
  • Revelle , W. 1973 . Introversion/extraversion, skin conductance and performance under stress , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Revelle , W. 1987 . Personality and motivation: Sources of inefficiency in cognitive performance . Journal of Research in Personality. , 21 : 436 – 452 .
  • Revelle , W. 1989 . “ Personality, Motivation, and Cognitive Performance ” . In Learning and individual differences: abilities, motivation, and methodology , Edited by: Ackerman , P. , Kanfer , R. and Cudeck , R. 297 – 341 . Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. .
  • Revelle , W. and Anderson , K. L. “ Models for the testing of theory ” . In Handbook of individual differences: biological perspectives , Edited by: Gale , A. and Eysenck , M. W. 297 – 341 . Chichester : Wiley . (in press)
  • Revelle , W. , Anderson , K. J. and Humphreys , M. S. 1987 . “ Empirical tests and theoretical extensions of arousal based theories of personality ” . In Personality dimensions and arousal , Edited by: Strelau , J. and Eyscnck , H. J. 17 – 36 . London : Plenum .
  • Revelle , W. , Humphreys , M. S. , Simon , L. and Gilliland , K. 1980 . The interactive effect of personality, time of day, and caffeine: a test of the arousal model . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 109 : 1 – 31 .
  • Rocklin , T. and Revelle , W. 1981 . The measurement of extraversion: A comparison of the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire . British Journal of Social Psychology , 20 : 279 – 284 .
  • Rosenthal , R. H. and Allen , T. W. 1978 . An examination of attention, arousal, and learning dysfunctions of hyperkinetic children . Psychological Bulletin. , 85 : 689 – 715 .
  • Russell , J. A. 1978 . Evidence of convergent validity on the dimensions of affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 1152 – 1168 .
  • Saufley , W. H. and LaCava , S. C. 1977 . Reminiscence and arousal: Replications and the matter of establishing a phenomenon . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 9 : 155 – 158 .
  • Schare , M. L. , Lisman , S. A. and Spear , N. E. 1984 . The effects of mood variation on state-dependent retention . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 8 : 387 – 408 .
  • Schmitt , J. S. and Forrester , W. E. 1973 . Effects of stimulus concreteness-imagery and arousal on immediate and delayed recall . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. , 2 : 25 – 26 .
  • Stelmack , R. M. , Bourgeois , R. P. , Chian , J. Y. C. and Pickard , C. W. 1979 . Extraversion and the orienting reaction habituation rate to visual stimuli . Journal of Research in Personality , 13 : 49 – 58 .
  • Stelmack , R. M. and Michaud-Achorn , A. 1985 . Extraversion, attention, and habituation of the auditory evoked response . Journal of Research in Personality , 19 : 416 – 428 .
  • Teasdale , J. D. and Russell , M. L. 1983 . Differential effects of induced mood on the recall of positive, negative and neutral words . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 22 : 163 – 171 .
  • Thackray , R. I. , Jones , K. N. and Touchstone , R. M. 1974 . Personality and physiological correlates of performance decrement on a monotonous task requiring sustained attention . British Journal of Psychology. , 65 : 351 – 358 .
  • Thayer , R. E. 1967 . Measurement of activation through self-report . Psychological Reports , 20 : 663 – 678 .
  • Thayer , R. E. 1978 . Toward a psychological theory of multidimensional activation (arousal) . Motivation and Emotion , 2 : 1 – 34 .
  • Thayer , R. E. 1986 . Activation-deactivation Adjective Check List: Current overview and structural analysis . Psychological Reports , 58 : 607 – 614 .
  • Thayer , R. E. 1989 . The biopsychology of mood and arousal , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Venables , P. H. 1984 . “ Arousal: an examination of its status as a concept ” . In Psychophysiological perspectives , Edited by: Coles , M. G. H. , Jennings , J. R. and Stern , J. P. New York : Van Nostrand .
  • Walker , E. L. 1958 . Action decrement and its relation to learning . Psychological Review , 65 : 129 – 142 .
  • Walker , E. L. and Tarte , R. D. 1963 . Memory storage as a function of arousal and time with homogeneous and heterogeneous lists . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 2 : 113 – 119 .
  • Watson , D. and Tellegen , A. 1985 . Toward a consensual structure of mood . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 219 – 235 .
  • Weingartner , H. , Miller , H. and Murphy , D. 1977 . Mood-state-dependent retrieval of verbal associations . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 86 : 276 – 284 .
  • Wetzier , S. 1985 . Mood state-dependent retrieval: A failure to replicate . Psychological Reports , 56 : 759 – 765 .
  • Whissell , C. and Levesque , B. 1988 . The affective tone of words in Velten's mood-induction statements . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 67 : 515 – 521 .
  • Wigglesworth , M. J. and Smith , B. D. 1976 . Habituation and dishabituation of the electrodermal orienting reflex in relation to extraversion and neuroticism . Journal of Research in Personality , 10 : 437 – 445 .
  • Wilson , G. D. 1990 . Personality, time of day and arousal . Personality and Individual Differences , 11 : 153 – 168 .
  • Yerkes , R. M. and Dodson , J. D. 1908 . The relation of strength of stimuli to rapidity of habit-formation . Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology , 18 : 459 – 482 .
  • Zajonc , R. 1965 . Social facilitation . Science , 149 : 269 – 274 .
  • Zentall , S. S. and Zentall , T. R. 1983 . Optimal stimulation: a model of disordered activity and performance in normal and deviant children . Psychological Bulletin , 94 : 446 – 471 .
  • Zuckerman , M. 1979 . Sensation seeking: beyond the optimal level of arousal , London : Wiley .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.