797
Views
102
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Facilitating the Furrowed Brow: An Unobtrusive Test of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis Applied to Unpleasant Affect

, &
Pages 321-338 | Received 28 Feb 1990, Published online: 07 Jan 2008

References

  • Adelmann , P. K. and Zajonc , R. B. 1989 . Facial efference and the experience of emotion . Annual Review of Psychology , 40 : 249 – 280 .
  • Buck , R. 1980 . Nonverbal behavior and the theory of emotion: The facial feedback hypothesis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 811 – 824 .
  • Cacioppo , J. T. , Petty , R. E. , Losch , M. E. and Kim , H. S. 1986 . Electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 260 – 268 .
  • Damrad‐Frye , R. and Laird , J. D. 1989 . The experience of boredom: The role of the self‐perception of attention . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 315 – 320 .
  • Darwin , C. R. 1872; 1896 . The expression of emotions in man and animals , New York : Appleton .
  • Dimberg , U. 1987 . Facial reactions, autonomic activity and experienced emotion: A three component model of emotional conditioning . Biological Psychology , 24 : 105 – 122 .
  • Duchenne , G. 1883 . “ The mechanism of expression ” . In Selections from the clinical works of Duchenne , Edited by: Poore , G. V. 437 – 450 . London : The New Sydenham Society .
  • Duclos , S. , Laird , J. D. , Schneider , E. , Sexter , M. , Stem , L. and Van Lichten , O. 1989 . Categorical vs. dimensional effects of facial expressions on emotional experience . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 100 – 108 .
  • Ekman , P. 1973 . “ Cross cultural studies of facial expressions ” . In Darwin and facial expression , Edited by: Ekman , P. 169 – 229 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Ekman , P. 1985 . Telling lies , New York : Norton .
  • Ekman , P. and Freisen , W. V. 1982 . Felt, false, and miserable smiles . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 6 : 238 – 252 .
  • Ekman , P. , Freisen , W. V. and Ellsworth , P. 1982 . “ What emotion categories or dimensions can observers judge from facial behavior? ” . In Emotion in the human face , Edited by: Ekman , P. 39 – 55 . Cambridge University Press .
  • Epstein , L. H. 1990 . Perception of activity in the zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii muscle regions . Psychophysiology , 27 : 68 – 72 .
  • Greden , J. F. , Genero , N. and Price , H. L. 1985 . Agitation‐increased electromyogram activity in the corrugator muscle region: A possible explanation of the “Omega sign”? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 142 : 348 – 351 .
  • Izard , C. E. 1990 . Facial expression and the regulation of emotions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 : 487 – 498 .
  • James , W. 1922 . “ What is an emotion? ” . In The emotions , Edited by: Dunlap , K. 11 – 30 . Baltimore , MD : Williams & Wilkins .
  • Kendrick , K. M. and Baldwin , B. A. 1987 . Cells in temporal cortex of conscious sheep can respond preferentially to the sight of faces . Science , 236 : 448 – 450 .
  • Laird , J. D. 1974 . Self‐attribution of emotion: The effects of expressive behavior on the quality of emotional experience . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 29 : 475 – 486 .
  • Laird , J. D. 1984 . The real role of facial response in the experience of emotion: A reply to Tourangeau and Ellsworth, and others . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 : 909 – 917 .
  • Lanzetta , J. T. , Cartwright‐Smith , J. and Nleck , R. E. 1976 . Effects of nonverbal dissimulation on emotional experience and autonomic arousal . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 33 : 354 – 370 .
  • Larsen , R. J. and Diener , E. 1985 . A multitrait‐multimethod examination of affect structure: Hedonic level and emotional intensity . Personality and Individual Differences , 6 : 631 – 636 .
  • Larsen , R. J. and Diener , E. 1987 . Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review . Journal of Research in Personality , 21 : 1 – 39 .
  • Larsen , R. J. , Diener , E. and Cropanzano , R. 1987 . Cognitive operations associated with individual differences in affect intensity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 767 – 774 .
  • Lanen , R. J. and Hite , R. 1988 . Normative ratings of affect‐induction slides Unpublished data
  • Levenson , R. W. and Ditto , W. B. 1981 . Individual differences in ability to control heart rate: Personality, strategy, physiological, and other variables . Psychophysiology , 18 : 91 – 100 .
  • Lmenthal , H. and Mosback , P. 1983 . “ The perceptual‐motor theory of emotion ” . In Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook , Edited by: Cacioppo , J. T. and Petty , R. E. 353 – 388 . New York : Guilford .
  • Matsumoto , D. 1987 . The role of facial response in the experience of emotion: More methodological problems and a meta‐analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychol ogy , 52 : 769 – 774 .
  • McCanne , T. R. and Anderson , J. A. 1987 . Emotional responding following experimental manipulation of facial electromyographic activity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 759 – 768 .
  • McCaul , K. D. , Holmes , D. S. and Solomon , S. 1982 . Voluntary expressive changes and emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 42 : 145 – 152 .
  • Ranson , S. W. and Clark , S. L. 1959 . The anatomy of the nervous system , Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders .
  • Rinn , W. E. 1984 . The neuropsychology of facial expressions: A review of the neurological and psychological mechanisms for producing facial expressions . Psychological Bulletin , 95 : 52 – 77 .
  • Smith , C. A. and Ellsworth , P. C. 1985 . Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 813 – 838 .
  • Strack , F. , Martin , L. L. and Stepper , S. 1988 . Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 768 – 777 .
  • Szentagothia , J. 1948 . The representation of facial and scalp muscles in the facial nucleus . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 88 : 207 – 220 .
  • Tassinary , L. G. , Cacioppo , J. T. and Geen , T. R. 1989 . A psychometric study of surface electrode placements for facial electromyographic recording: I. The brow and cheek muscle regions . Psychophysiology , 26 : 1 – 16 .
  • Tourangeau , R. and Ellsworth , P. E. 1979 . The role of facial response in the experience of emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1519 – 1531 .
  • Tomkins , S. S. 1962 . Affect, imagery, consciousness , New York : Springer .
  • Zajonc , R. B. 1985 . Emotion and facial efference: A theory reclaimed . Science , 228 : 15 – 21 .
  • Zajonc , R. B. , Murphy , S. T. and Inglehart , M. 1989 . Feeling and facial efference: Implications of the vascular theory of emotion . Psychological Review , 96 : 395 – 416 .
  • Zuckerman , M. , Larrance , D. T. , Hall , J. A. , DeFrank , R. S. and Rosenthal , R. 1979 . Posed and spontaneous communication of emotion via facial and vocal cues . Journal of Personality , 47 : 712 – 733 .
  • Zuckerman , M. , Klorman , R. , Larrance , D. T. and Spiegel , N. H. 1981 . Facial, autonomic, and subjective components of emotion: The facial feedback hypothesis versus the externalizer‐internalizer distinction . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 41 : 929 – 944 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.