307
Views
77
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Connectionist Models of Emotional Distress and Attentional Bias

Pages 561-600 | Published online: 10 Sep 2010

References

  • Au , T. K. and Markman , E. M. 1987 . Acquiring word meanings via linguistic contrast . Cognitive Development , 2 : 217 – 236 .
  • Baldwin , D. A. 1989 . Priorities in children's expectations about object label reference: Form over color . Child Development , 60 : 1291 – 1306 .
  • Bargh , J. A. 1992 . The ecology of automaticity: Toward establishing the conditions needed to produce automatic processing effects . American Journal of Psychology , 105 : 181 – 200 .
  • Barnett , P. A. and Gotlib , I. H. 1988 . Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences . Psychological Bulletin , 104 : 97 – 126 .
  • Cohen , J. D. , Dunbar , K. and McClelland , J. L. 1990 . On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect . Psychological Review , 97 : 332 – 361 .
  • Cohen , J. D. and Servan-Schreiber , D. 1992 . Context, cortex and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia . Psychological Review , 99 : 45 – 77 .
  • Dagenbach , D. , Carr , T. H. and Wilhelmson , A . 1989 . Task-induced strategies and nearthreshold priming: Conscious influences on unconscious perception . Journal of Memory and Language , 28 : 412 – 443 .
  • Dalgleish , T. and Watts , F. N. 1990 . Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression . Clinical Psychology Review , 10 : 589 – 604 .
  • Ehlers , A. , Margraf , J. , Davies , S. and Roth , W. T. 1988 . Selective processing of threat cues in subjects with panic attacks . Cognition and Emotion , 2 : 201 – 219 .
  • Foa , E. B. , Feske , U. , Murdock , T. B. , Kozak , M. J. and McCarthy , P. R. 1991 . Processing of threat-related information in rape victims . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 156 – 162 .
  • Foa , E. B. , Steketee , G. and Rothbaum , B. O. 1989 . Behavioral-cognitive conceptualizations of posttraumatic stress disorder . Behavior Therapy , 20 : 155 – 176 .
  • Glaser , W. R. and Glaser , M. O. 1989 . Context effects in Stroop-like word and picture processing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 118 : 13 – 42 .
  • Golombok , S. , Stavrou , A. and Bonn , J. 1991 . The effects of diazepam on anxiety-related cognition . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 15 : 459 – 467 .
  • Gotlib , I. H. and Cane , D. B. 1987 . Construct accessibility and clinical depression: A longitudinal investigation . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 96 : 199 – 204 .
  • Harley , T. A. 1993a . Connectionist approaches to language disorders . Aphasiology , 7 : 221 – 249 .
  • Harley , T. A. 1993b . Phonological activation of semantic competitors during lexic al access in speech production . Language and Cognitive Processes , 8 : 291 – 309 .
  • Harley , T. A. 1995 . The psychology of language: From data to theory , Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
  • Harley , T. A. and MacAndrew , S. B. G. “ Interactive models of lexicalisation: Some constraints from speech error, picture naming, and neuropsychological data ” . In Connectionist models of memory and language , Edited by: Levy , J. , Bairaktaris , D. , Bullinaria , J. and Cairns , D. London : UCL Press . in press
  • Harley , T. A. and Matthews , G. 1992 . Interactive effects of extraversion, arousal and time of day on semantic priming: Are they pre-lexical or post-lexical? . Personality and Individual Differences , 13 : 1021 – 1029 .
  • Hinton , G. E. and Shallice , T. 1991 . Lesioning an attractor network: Investigations of acquired dyslexia . Psychological Review , 98 : 74 – 95 .
  • Hirst , W. 1986 . “ Aspects of divided and selective attention ” . In Mind and bra , Edited by: LeDoux , J. and Hirst , W. 105 – 141 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Holender , D. 1986 . Semantic activation without conscious identification . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 9 : 1 – 66 .
  • Ingram , R. E. 1984 . Toward an information-processing analysis of depression . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 8 : 443 – 478 .
  • Kahneman , D. and Treisman , A. M. 1984 . “ Changing views of attention and automaticity ” . In Varieties of attention , Edited by: Parasuraman , R. and Davies , D. R. New York : Academic Press .
  • Klieger , D. M. and Cordner , M. D. 1990 . The Stroop task as a measure of construct accessibility in depression . Personality and Individual Differences , 11 : 19 – 28 .
  • Lavy , E. , van den Hout , M. and Arntz , A. 1993 . Attentional bias and spider phobia: Conceptual and clinical issues . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 31 : 17 – 24 .
  • LeDoux , J. E. 1992 . “ Emotion as memory: Anatomical systems underlying indelible neural traces ” . In The handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory , Edited by: Christianson , S.-Å. 269 – 288 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • MacLeod , C. 1991 . Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 163 – 203 .
  • MacLeod , C. and Rutherford , E. M. 1992 . Anxiety and the selective processing of emotional information: Mediating roles of awareness, trait and state variables, and personal relevance of stimulus materials . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 30 : 479 – 491 .
  • Marcel , A. J. 1983 . Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition . Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 197 – 237 .
  • Markman , E. M. 1990 . Constraints children place on word meanings . Cognitive Science , 14 : 57 – 77 .
  • Martin , M. , Horder , P. and Jones , G. F. 1992 . Integral bias in naming of phobia-related words . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 479 – 486 .
  • Martin , M. and Jones , G. V. 1995 . Integral bias in the cognitive processing of emotionally linked pictures . British Journal of Psychology , 86 : 419 – 435 .
  • Martin , M. , Williams , R. M. and Clark , D. M. 1991 . Does anxiety lead to selective processing of threat-related information? . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 29 : 147 – 160 .
  • Mathews , A. and Klug , F . 1993 . Emotionality and interference with color-naming in anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 31 : 57 – 62 .
  • Mathews , A. and MacLeod , C. 1985 . Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 23 : 563 – 569 .
  • Mathews , A. and MacLeod , C . 1986 . Discrimination of threat cues without awareness in anxiety states . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 95 : 131 – 138 .
  • Mathews , A. , May , J. , Mogg , K. and Eysenck , M. W. 1990 . Attentional bias in anxiety: Selective search or defective filtering? . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 99 : 166 – 173 .
  • Matthews , G. 1992 . “ Mood ” . In Handbook of human performance: Vol. 3: State and trait , Edited by: Smith , A. P. and Jones , D. M. 161 – 193 . London : Academic Press .
  • Matthews , G. and Harley , T. A. 1993 . Effects of extraversion and self-report arousal on semantic priming: A connectionist approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 735 – 756 .
  • Matthews , G. and Southall , A. 1991 . Depression and the processing of emotional stimuli: A study of semantic priming . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 15 : 283 – 302 .
  • Matthews , G. , Pitcaithly , D. and Mann , R. E. 1995 . Mood, neuroticism, and the encoding of affective words . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 19 : 565 – 589 .
  • Matthews , G. and Wells , A. 1995 . “ Attentional processes, dysfunctional coping and clinical intervention ” . In Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications , Edited by: Zeidner , M. and Endler , N. S. 573 – 601 . New York : Wiley .
  • Mattia , J. I. , Heimberg , R. G. and Hope , D. A. 1993 . The revised Stroop color-naming task in social phobics . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 31 : 305 – 313 .
  • McLeod , P. and Posner , M. I. 1984 . “ Privileged loops from percept to act ” . In Attention and Performance, X , Edited by: Bouma , H. and Bouwhuis , D. G. 55 – 66 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • McClelland , J. L. and Rumelhart , D. E. 1985 . Distributed memory and the representation of general and specific information . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 114 : 159 – 188 .
  • McNally , R. J. , Riemann , B. C. and Kim , E. 1990a . Selective processing of threat cues in panic disorder . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 30 : 143 – 149 .
  • McNally , R. J. , Kaspi , S. P. , Riemann , B. C and Zeitlin , S. B. 1990b . Selective processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 99 : 398 – 402 .
  • Mogg , K. , Bradley , B. , Williams , R. and Mathews , A. 1993 . Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 102 : 304 – 311 .
  • Mogg , K. and Marden , B. 1990 . Processing of emotional information in anxious subjects . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 29 : 227 – 229 .
  • Mogg , K. , Mathews , A. , Bird , C. and MacGregor-Morris , R. 1990 . Effects of stress and anxiety on the processing of threat stimuli . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 1230 – 1237 .
  • Mogg , K. , Mathews , A. and Weinman , J. 1989 . Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states: A replication . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 27 : 317 – 323 .
  • Phaf , R. H. , van der Heijden , A. H. C. and Hudson , P. T. W. 1990 . SLAM: A connectionis t model for attention in visual selection tasks . Cognitive Psychology , 22 : 273 – 341 .
  • Pratto , F. and John , O. P. 1991 . Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 380 – 391 .
  • Price , C. J. and Humphreys , G. W. 1989 . The effects of surface detail on object categorization and naming . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 41A : 797 – 828 .
  • Richards , A. , French , C. C. , Johnson , W. , Naparstek , J. and Williams , J. 1992 . Effects of mood manipulation and anxiety on performance of an emotional Stroop task . British Journal of Psychology , 83 : 479 – 491 .
  • Richards , A. and Millwood , B. 1989 . Colour-identification of differentially valenced words in anxiety . Cognition and Emotion , 3 : 171 – 176 .
  • Rumelhart , D. E. , Hinton , G. E. and Williams , R. J. 1986 . “ Learning internal representations by error propagation ” . In Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition: Vol. 1. Foundations , Edited by: Rumelhart , D. E. , McClelland , J. L. and the PDP Research Group . 318 – 362 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Segal , Z. V. and Vella , D. D. 1990 . Self-schema in major depression: Replication and extension of a priming methodology . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 14 : 161 – 176 .
  • Seidenberg , M. S. and McClelland , J. L. 1989 . A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming . Psychological Review , 96 : 523 – 568 .
  • Sheridan , J. and Humphreys , G. W. 1993 . A verbal-semantic category-specific recognition impairment . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 10 : 143 – 184 .
  • Small , S. A. and Robins , C. J. 1988 . The influence of induced depressed mood on visual recognition thresholds: Predictive ambiguity of associative network models of mood and cognition . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 12 : 295 – 304 .
  • Soja , N. N. 1986 . Color word acquisition: Conceptual or linguistic challenge? . Papers and Reports on Child Language Development , 25 : 104 – 113 .
  • Stroop , J. R. 1935 . Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 18 : 643 – 662 .
  • Thrasher , S. M. , Dalgleish , T. and Yule , W. 1994 . Information processing in post-traumatic stress disorder . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 32 : 247 – 254 .
  • Tipper , S. P. , Weaver , B. , Kirkpatrick , J. and Lewis , S. 1991 . Inhibitory mechanisms of attention: Locus, stability, and relationship with distractor interference effects . British Journal of Psychology , 82 : 507 – 520 .
  • Warren , R. E. 1972 . Stimulus encoding and memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 94 : 90 – 100 .
  • Watts , F. N. , McKenna , F. P. , Sharrock , R. and Tresize , L. 1986 . Processing of phobic stimuli . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 25 : 253 – 261 .
  • Wells , A. and Matthews , G. 1994 . Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective , Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
  • Williams , J. M. G. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1988 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , Chichester : Wiley .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.