3,015
Views
276
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Role of Culture and Gender in the Relationship between Positive and Negative Affect

Pages 641-672 | Published online: 10 Sep 2010

References

  • Bagozzi , R. P. and Heatherton , T. F. 1994 . A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to state self-esteem . Structural Equation Modeling , 1 : 35 – 67 .
  • Barnes , J. , ed. 1984 . The complete works of Aristotle , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Barrett , L. F. and Russell , J. A. 1998 . Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 967 – 984 .
  • Baumeister , R. F. and Sommer , K. L. 1997 . What do men want? Gender differences and two spheres of belongingness: Comment on Cross and Madson . Psychological Bulletin , 122 : 38 – 44 .
  • Bentler , P. M. 1990 . Comparative fit indices in structural models . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 238 – 246 .
  • Beseeches , M. 1984 . Dialectical thinking and adult development , Norwood, NJ : Able .
  • Birnbaum , D. W. 1983 . Preschoolers' stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality: A reaffirmation . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 143 : 139 – 140 .
  • Birnbaum , D. W. and Croll , W. L. 1984 . The etiology of children's stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality . Sex Roles , 10 : 677 – 691 .
  • Bockover , M. I. 1995 . “ The concept of emotion revisited: A critical synthesis of Western and Confucian thought ” . In Emotions in Asian thought , Edited by: Marks , J. and Ames , R. T. 161 – 180 . Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
  • Bond , M. H. 1988 . Finding universal dimensions of individual variation in multi-cultural studies of values: The Rokeach and Chinese value surveys . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 : 1009 – 1015 .
  • Botkin , D. and Twardosz , S. 1988 . “ Early childhood teachers' affectionate behavior ” . In Early Childhood Research Quarterly 167 – 177 .
  • Bower , G. H. 1981 . Mood and memory . American Psychologist , 36 : 129 – 148 .
  • Bradburn , N. M. 1969 . The structure of psychological well-being , Chicago, IL : Aldine .
  • Brislin , R. W. 1980 . “ Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials ” . In Handbook of cross-cultural psychology , Edited by: Triandis , H. C. and Berry , J. W. Vol. 2 , 389 – 444 . Boston, MA : Allyn & Bacon .
  • Brody , L. R. and Hall , J. A. 1993 . “ Gender and emotion ” . In Handbook of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Havil , J. M. 447 – 460 . New York : Guilford .
  • Brooks-Gunn , J. and Warren , M. P. 1989 . Biological and social contributions to negative affect in young adolescent girls . Child Development , 60 : 40 – 55 .
  • Chu , G. C. 1985 . “ The changing concept of self in contemporary China ” . In Culture and self: Asian and Western perspectives , Edited by: Marsella , A. J. , De Vos , G. and Hsu , F. L. K. 252 – 277 . New York : Tavistock .
  • Clark , A. 1987 . From folk psychology to naïve psychology . Cognitive Science , 11 : 139 – 154 .
  • Clark , L. A. and Watson , D. 1991 . “ General affective dispositions in physical and psychological health ” . In Handbook of social and clinical psychology , Edited by: Snyder , C. R. and Forsyth , D. R. 221 – 245 . Elmsford, NY : Pergamon .
  • Cross , S. E. and Madson , L. 1997 . Models of the self: Self-construaIs and gender . Psychological Bulletin , 122 : 5 – 37 .
  • de Sousa , R. 1987 . The rationality of emotion , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Diener , E. and Emmons , R. A. 1985 . The independence of positive and negative affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 : 1105 – 1117 .
  • Diener , E. , Larsen , R. J. , Levine , S. and Emmons , R. A. 1985 . Intensity and frequency: Dimensions underlying positive and negative affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 1253 – 1265 .
  • Diener , E. , Smith , H. and Fujita , F. 1995 . The personality structure of affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 130 – 141 .
  • Dunn , J. , Bretherton , I. and Munn , P. 1987 . Conversations about feeling states between mothers and their children . Developmental Psychology , 23 : 132 – 139 .
  • Eagly , A. H. 1987 . Sex differences in social behavior A social-role interpretation , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Ekman , P. 1984 . “ Expression and the nature of emotion ” . In Approaches to emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. and Ekman , P. 319 – 344 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Fabes , R. A. and Martin , C. J. 1991 . Gender and age stereotypes of emotionality . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 : 532 – 540 .
  • Feldman , L. A. 1995 . Valence focus and arousal focus: Individual differences in the structure of affective experience . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 153 – 166 .
  • Festinger , L. and Carlsmith , J. M. 1959 . Cognitive consequences of forced compliance . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 47 : 382 – 389 .
  • F ingarette , H. 1972 . Confucius-The secular as sacred , New York : Harper Torch books .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1987 . Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 115 – 143 .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1994 . “ Emotions are functional, most of the time ” . In The nature of emotion , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. J. 112 – 122 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Goffman , E. 1971 . Relations in public , New York : Basic Books .
  • Green , D. P. , Goldman , S. L. and Salovey , P. 1993 . Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 1029 – 1041 .
  • Grossman , M. and Wood , W. 1993 . Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: A social role interpretation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 1010 – 1022 .
  • Hall , J. A. 1987 . “ On explaining gender differences ” . In Review of Personality and Social Psychology , Edited by: Shaver , P. and Hendrick , C. Vol. 7 , 177 – 200 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Hansen , C. 1992 . A Daoist theory of Chinese thought , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Hansen , C. 1995 . “ Qing (emotions) in pre-Buddhist Chinese thought ” . In Emotions in Asian thought , Edited by: Marks , J. and Ames , R. T. 181 – 211 . Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
  • Harré , R. 1995 . “ Discursive psychology ” . In Rethinking psychology , Edited by: Smith , J. A. , Harré , R. and Langenhove , L. V. 143 – 159 . London : Sage .
  • Haviland , J. M. and Walker-Andrews , A. S. 1992 . “ Emotion socialization: A view from development and ethology ” . In Handbook of social development: A lifespan perspective , Edited by: Van Hasselt , V. B. and Hersen , M. 29 – 49 . New York : Plenum .
  • Heelas , P. 1996 . “ Emotion talk across cultures ” . In The emotions , Edited by: Harré , R. and Parrott , W. G. 171 – 199 . London : Sage .
  • Ho , D. Y. F. 1986 . “ Chinese patterns of socialization: A critical review ” . In The psychology of the Chinese people , Edited by: Bond , M. H. 1 – 37 . Hong Kong : Oxford University Press .
  • Hochschild , A. R. 1983 . The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
  • Johnson , J. T. and Shulman , G. A. 1988 . More alike than meets the eye: Perceived gender differences in subjective experience and its display . Sex Roles , 19 : 67 – 79 .
  • Jöreskog , K. G. and Sörbom , D. 1993 . LISRELS: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language , Chicago, IL : Scientific Software International .
  • Kashima , Y. , Yamaguchi , S. , Kim , U. , Choi , S-C. , Gelfand , M. and Yuki , M. 1995 . Culture, gender, and self: A perspective from individualism-collectivism research . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 925 – 937 .
  • Kenny , A. 1963 . Action, emotion, and will , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
  • Kleinman , A. 1980 . Patients and healers in the context of culture , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Lucas , R. E. , Diener , E. and Suh , E. 1996 . Discriminant validity of well-being measures . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 : 616 – 628 .
  • Lutz , C. A. 1996 . “ Engendered emotion: Gender, power, and the rhetoric of emotional control in American discourse ” . In The emotions , Edited by: Harré , R. and Parrott , W. G. 151 – 170 . London : Sage .
  • Malatesta , C. Z. , Culver , C. , Tesman , J. and Shepard , B. 1989 . The development of emotion expression during the first two years of life . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 50 ( 1–2 ) Serial No. 219
  • Malatesta , C. and Haviland , J. 1985 . “ Signals, symbols, and socialization ” . In The socialization of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Saarni , C. 89 – 116 . London : Plenum .
  • Maltz , D. N. and Borker , R. A. 1982 . “ A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication ” . In Language and social identity , Edited by: Gumperz , J. 195 – 216 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Markus , H. and Kitayama , S. 1991 . Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation . Psychological Review , 98 : 224 – 253 .
  • Marsh , H. W. , Balla , J. R. and Hau , K-T. 1996 . “ An evaluation of incremental fit indices: A clarification of mathematical and empirical properties ” . In Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques , Edited by: Marcoulides , G. A. and Schumacker , R. E. 315 – 353 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Mauro , R. , Sato , K. and Tucker , H. 1992 . The role of appraisal in human emotions: A crosscultural study . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 62 : 301 – 317 .
  • McDonald , R. P. and Marsh , H. W. 1990 . Choosing a multivariate model: Noncentrality and goodness-of-fit . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 247 – 255 .
  • Mead , M. 1967 . Cooperation and competition among primitive people , Boston, MA : Beacon .
  • Mesquita , B. and Frijda , N. 1992 . Cultural variations in emotion: A review . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 179 – 204 .
  • Norem , J. K. and Cantor , N. 1986 . Defensive pessimism: “Harnessing” anxiety as motivation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1208 – 1217 .
  • Oatley , K. 1992 . Best laid schemes: The psychology of emotions , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Parkinson , B. 1995 . Ideas and realities of emotion , London : Routledge .
  • Peng , K. 1997 . Naive dialecticism and its effects on reasoning and judgement about contradiction , IL : the University of Michigan . Unpublished PhD dissertation
  • Potter , S. H. 1988 . The cultural construction of emotion in rural Chinese social life . Ethos , 16 : 181 – 208 .
  • Roseman , I. J. 1991 . Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 5 : 161 – 200 .
  • Russell , J. A. 1980 . A circumplex model of affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 1161 – 1178 .
  • Russell , J. A. 1991 . Culture and the categorization of emotions . Psychological Bulletin , 110 : 426 – 450 .
  • Russell , J. A. and Carroll , J. M. 1999 . On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect . Psychological Bulletin , 125 : 3 – 30 .
  • Russell , J. A. , Lewicka , M. and Nut , T. 1989 . A cross-cultural stud y of a circumplex model of affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 848 – 856 .
  • Russell , J. A. and Yik , M. S-M. 1996 . “ Emotion among the Chinese ” . In Handbook of Chinese psychology , Edited by: Bond , M. H. 166 – 188 . Hong Kong : Oxford University Press .
  • Scheier , M. F. and Carver , C. S. 1987 . Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health . Journal of Personality , 55 : 169 – 210 .
  • Schell , A. and Gleason , J. B. Gender differences in the acquisition of the vocabulary of emotion . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Applied Linguistics . Washington, DC. December ,
  • Scherer , K. R. and Wallbott , H. G. 1994 . Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response patterning . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 : 310 – 328 .
  • Shaver , P. , Schwartz , J. , Kirson , D. and O'Connor , C. 1987 . Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 1061 – 1086 .
  • Smith , C. A. and Ellsworth , P. C. 1985 . Patterns of cognitive appraisals in emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 813 – 838 .
  • Spence , J. T. , Helmreich , R. and Stapp , J. 1975 . Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 32 : 29 – 39 .
  • Tucker , L. R. and Lewis , C. 1973 . The reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis . Psychometrika , 38 : 1 – 10 .
  • Wallbott , H. G. and Scherer , K. R. 1995 . “ Cultural determinants in experiencing shame and guilt ” . In Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride , Edited by: Tangney , J. P. and Fischer , K. W. 465 – 487 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Watson , D. , Clark , L. A. and Tellegen , A. 1988 . Development and validation of a brief measure of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 1063 – 1070 .
  • Werner , O. and Campbell , D. T. 1970 . “ Translation, working through interpreters and the problem of decentering ” . In A handbook of method in cultural anthropology , Edited by: Naroll , R. and Cohen , R. 398 – 422 . New York : American Museum of Natural History .
  • Wierzbicka , A. 1992 . Semantics, culture and cognition , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Wittgenstein , L. 1953 . Philosophical investigations , Edited by: Anscombe , G. E. M. Oxford : Blackwell .
  • 1996 . World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997 , Mahwah, NJ : K-III Reference Corporation .
  • Zanna , M. P. and Sande , G. N. 1987 . “ The effects of collective actions on the attitudes of individual group members: A dissonance analysis ” . In Social influence: Ontario symposium , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. , Olson , J. M. and Herman , C. P. Vol. 5 , 151 – 163 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Zautra , A. J. , Potter , P. T. and Reich , J. W. 1997 . “ The independence of affects is contextdependent: An integrative model of the relationship between positive and negative affect ” . In Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics Edited by: Lawton , M. P. and Schaie , K. W. Vol. 17 , 75 – 102 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.