3,925
Views
271
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Intrapersonal Functions of Emotion

Pages 481-504 | Published online: 31 Aug 2010

References

  • Averill , J. R. 1994 . “ I feel, therefore I am—I think ” . In The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions. Series in affective science , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. J. 379 – 385 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Bower , G. H. 1981 . Mood and memory . American Psychologist , 36 : 129 – 148 .
  • Camras , L. A. , Oster , H. , Campos , J. , Campos , R. , Ujiie , T. , Miyake , K. , Wang , L. and Meng , Z. 1998 . Production of emotional facial expressions in European American, Japanese, and Chinese infants . Developmental Psychology , 34 : 616 – 628 .
  • Carstensen , L. L. 1995 . Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 4 : 151 – 156 .
  • Carstensen , L. L. , Gottman , J. M. and Levenson , R. W. 1995 . Emotional behavior in long-term marriage . Psychology and Aging , 10 : 140 – 149 .
  • Carstensen , L. L. , Gross , J. J. and Fung , H. H. 1998 . “ The social context of emotional experience ” . In Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics: Vol. 17. Focus on emotion and adult development , Edited by: Schaie , K. W. and Lawton , M. P. 325 – 352 . New York : Springer .
  • Davidson , R. J. 1992 . Emotion and affective style: Hemispheric substrates . Psychological Science , 3 : 39 – 43 .
  • Davidson , R. J. , Ekman , P. , Saron , C. D. and Senulis , J. A. 1990 . Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology. I . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 : 330 – 341 .
  • Ekman , P. 1984 . “ Expression and the nature of emotion ” . In Approaches to emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. S. and Ekman , P. 319 – 343 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Ekman , P. 1992 . An argument for basic emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 169 – 200 .
  • Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1969 . The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding . Semiotica , 1 : 49 – 98 .
  • Ekman , P. , Levenson , R. W. and Friesen , W. V. 1983 . Autonomie nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions . Science , 221 : 1208 – 1210 .
  • Fredrickson , B. L. 1998 . What good are positive emotions? . Review of General Psychology , 2 : 300 – 319 .
  • Fredrickson , B. L. and Levenson , R. W. 1998 . Positive emotons speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 12 : 191 – 220 .
  • Freeman , D. G. 1979 . Human sociobiology: A holistic approach , New York : Free Press .
  • Fridlund , A. J. 1994 . Human facial expression: An evolutionary view , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Goldberg , L. R. 1990 . An alternative “description of personality”: The Big-Five factor structure . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 1216 – 1229 .
  • Gottman , J. M. and Levenson , R. W. 1986 . Assessing the role of emotion in marriage . Behavioral Assessment , 8 : 31 – 48 .
  • Gray , J. A. 1986 . “ Anxiety, personality and the brain ” . In Physiological correlates of human behaviour: Vol. 3. Individual differences and psychopathology , Edited by: Gale , A. and Edwards , J. A. 31 – 43 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
  • Gross , J. J. 1998 . Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 224 – 237 .
  • Gross , J. J. , Carstensen , L. L. , Pasupathi , M. and Tsai , J. 1997 . Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control . Psychology and Aging , 12 : 590 – 599 .
  • Gross , J. J. and Levenson , R. W. 1993 . Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 970 – 986 .
  • Gross , J. J. and Levenson , R. W. 1997 . Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 95 – 103 .
  • Gross , J. J. , Sutton , S. K. and Ketelaar , T. 1998 . Relations between affect and personality: Support for the affect-level and affective reactivity views . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 24 : 279 – 288 .
  • Heider , K. G. 1991 . Landscapes of emotion. Three cultures of emotion in Indonesia , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hochschild , A. R. 1979 . Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure . American Journal of Sociology , 84 : 551 – 575 .
  • Isen , A. M. 1990 . “ The influence of positive and negative affect on cognitive organization: Some implications for development ” . In Psychological and biological approaches to emotion , Edited by: Stein , N. L. , Leventhal , B. and Trabasso , T. 75 – 94 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Izard , C. E. 1971 . The face of emotion , New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
  • Izard , C. E. 1993 . Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes . Psychological Review , 100 : 68 – 90 .
  • James , W. 1884 . What is an emotion? . Mind , 9 : 188 – 205 .
  • Kellner , D. and Buswell , B. N. 1997 . Embarrassment: Its distinct form and appeasement functions . Psychological Bulletin , 122 : 250 – 270 .
  • LaFrance , M. and Banaji , M. 1992 . “ Toward a reconsideration of the gender-emotion relationship ” . In Emotion and social behavior. Review of personality and social psychology , Edited by: Clark , M. S. Vol. 14 , 178 – 201 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Lakoff , G. 1993 . “ The contemporary theory of metaphor ” . In Metaphor and thought , Edited by: Ortony , A. 202 – 251 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Lane , R. D. , Reiman , E. M. , Bradley , M. M. and Lang , P. J. 1997 . Neuroanatomical correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotion . Neuropsychologia , 35 : 1437 – 1444 .
  • Lang , P. J. 1979 . A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery . Psyche/physiology , 16 : 495 – 512 .
  • Lang , P. J. , Bradley , M. M. and Cuthbert , B. N. 1990 . Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex . Psychological Review , 97 : 377 – 395 .
  • Larsen , R. J. and Diener , E. 1987 . Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review . Journal of Research in Personality , 21 : 1 – 39 .
  • Larsen , R. J. and Ketelaar , T. 1991 . Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 132 – 140 .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • LeDoux , J. E. 1994 . “ The degree of emotional control depends on the kind of response system involved ” . In The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. J. 270 – 272 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Levenson , R. W. 1988 . “ Emotion and the autonomie nervous system: A prospectus for research on autonomic specificity ” . In Social psychophysiology and emotion: Theory and clinical applications , Edited by: Wagner , H. L. 17 – 42 . Chiehester, , UK : Wiley .
  • Levenson , R. W. 1992 . Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions . Psychological Science , 3 : 23 – 27 .
  • Levenson , R. W. 1994 . “ Human emotion: A functional view ” . In The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. J. 123 – 126 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Levenson , R. W. , Carstensen , L. L. , Friesen , W. V. and Ekman , P. 1991 . Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age . Psychology and Aging , 6 : 28 – 35 .
  • Levenson , R. W. , Carstensen , L. L. and Gottman , J. M. 1994 . Influence of age and gender on affect, physiology, and their interrelations: A study of long-term marriages . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 56 – 68 .
  • Levenson , R. W. , Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1990 . Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity . Psychophysiology , 27 : 363 – 384 .
  • Levenson , R. W. and Gottman , J. M. 1983 . Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 : 587 – 597 .
  • Marshall , G. D. and Zimbardo , P. G. 1979 . Affective consequences of inadequately explained physiological arousal . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 970 – 988 .
  • Mathews , A. and Bradley , B. P. 1983 . Mood and the self-reference bias in recall . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 21 : 233 – 239 .
  • Panksepp , J. 1993 . “ Rough and tumble play: A fundamental brain process ” . In Parent-child play: Descriptions and implications. SUN Y series, children's play in society , Edited by: MacDonald , K. 147 – 184 . Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
  • Pennebaker , J. W. 1982 . The psychology of physical symptoms , New York : Springer .
  • Pennebaker , J. W. 1995 . Emotion, disclosure, and health , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Scherer , K. R. 1984 . “ Emotion as a multicomponent process: A model and some cross-cultural data ” . In Review of Personality and Social Psychology , Edited by: Shaver , P. Vol. 5 , 37 – 63 . Beverly H ills, CA : Sage .
  • Smith , C. A. and Ellsworth , P. C. 1985 . Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 813 – 838 .
  • Spielberger , C. D. , Crane , R. S. , Kearns , W. D. , Pellegrin , K. L. , Rickman , R. L. and Johnson , E. H. 1991 . “ Anger and anxiety in essential hypertension ” . In Stress and emotion: Anxiety, anger, and curiosity: Vol. 14. The series in clinical psychology and The series in stress and emotion: Anxiety, anger, and curiosity , Edited by: Spielberger , C. D. , Sarason , I. G. , Kulcsar , Z. and Van Heck , G. L. 265 – 283 . New York : Hemisphere .
  • Thompson , R. A. 1991 . Emotional regulation and emotional development . Educational Psychology Review , 3 : 269 – 307 .
  • Thompson , R. A. 1994 . Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 59 ( 2-3 ) : 250 – 283 .
  • Tomkins , S. S. 1962 . Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. 1. The positive affects , New York : Springer .
  • Tooby , J. and Cosmides , L. 1990 . The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments . Ethology and Sociobiology , 11 : 375 – 424 .
  • Tucker , J. S. and Friedman , H. S. 1996 . “ Emotion, personality, and health ” . In Handbook of emotion, adult development, and aging , Edited by: Carol , Magai and McFadden , S. H. 307 – 326 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Watson , D. and Clark , L. A. 1992 . On traits and temperament: General and specific factors of emotional experience and their relation to the five-factor model. Special Issue: The five-factor model: issues and applications . Journal of Personality , 60 : 441 – 476 .
  • Zajonc , R. B. 1984 . On the primacy of affect . American Psychologist , 39 : 117 – 123 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.