Social Motives, Emotional Feelings, and Smiling

References

• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator -mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. E. and Schwar tz , G. E. 1980 . Relationship between facial electromyography and subjective experience during affective imagery . Biological Psychology , 11 : 49 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck , R. 1984 . The communication of emotion , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Buck , R. 1988 . Human motivation and emotion , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Buck , R. , Losow , J. I. , Murphy , M. M. and Costanzo , P. 1992 . Social facilitation and inhibition of facial expression and communication . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 962 – 968 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J. T. , Bush , L. K. and Tassinary , L. G. 1992 . Micro expressive facial actions as a function of affective stimuli: Replication and extension . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 18 : 515 – 526 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , J. M. and Russell , J. A. 1997 . Facial expressions in Hollywood' sport rayal of emotions . Journal of Personal ity and Social Psychology , 72 : 164 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , A. J. 1973 . Social facilitation of laughter in children . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 9 : 528 – 541 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , A. J. 1975 . Humorous laughter in children . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 31 : 42 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , A. J. and Chapman , W. A. 1974 . Responsiveness to humor : Its dependency upon a companion's humorous smiling and laughter . Journal of Psychology , 88 : 245 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , A. J. and Wright , D. S. 1976 . Social enhancement of laughter: An experimental analysis of some companion variables . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 21 : 201 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chovil , N. 1991 . Communicative functions of facial displays . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 15 : 141 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchenne , G. B. A. 1990 . The mechanism of human facial expression , Edited by: Cuthbertson , R. A. Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press . Original work published 1862
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. 1972 . “ Universals and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion ” . In Nebraska symposium on motivation , Edited by: Cole , J. Vol. 19 , 207 – 283 . Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. 1973 . Darwin and facial expression: A century of research in review , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. 1989 . “ The argument and evidence about universals in facial expressions of emotions ” . In Handbook of social psychophysiology , Edited by: Wagner , H. L. and Manstead , A. S. R. 143 – 164 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. 1994 . Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russell's mistaken critique . Psychological Bulletin , 115 : 268 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1969 . The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage and coding . Semiotica , 1 : 49 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1971 . Constants across cultures in the face and emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 17 : 124 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1978 . Facial action coding system , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psycho logist s Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1982 . Felt, false and miserable smiles . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 6 : 238 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. , Friesen , W. V. and Ancoli , S. 1980 . Facial signs of emotional experience . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 1125 – 1134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. , Friesen , W. V. and O'Sullivan , M. 1988 . Smiles when lying . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 414 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Dols , J-M. and Ruiz-Belda , M-A. 1995 . Are smiles a sign of happiness?: Gold medal winners at the Olympic Games . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 1113 – 1119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , M. G. and Ekman , P. 1993 . Not all smiles are created equal: The differences between enjoyment and non enjoyment smiles . Humor , 6 : 9 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridlund , A. J. 1991a . Evolution and facial action in reflex, social motive and paralanguage . Biological Psychology , 32 : 3 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridlund , A. J. 1991b . Sociality of solitary smiling: Potentiation by an implicit audience . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 229 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridlund , A. J. 1994 . Human facial expression: An evolutionary view , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fridlund , A. J. , Kenworthy , K. G. and Jaffey , A. K. 1992 . Audience effects in affective imagery: Replication and extension to dysphoricimagery . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 16 : 191 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridlund , A. J. , Sabini , J. P. , Hedlund , L. E. , Schaut , J. A. , Shenker , J. I. and Knauer , M. J. 1990 . Audience effects on solitary faces during imagery: Displaying to the people in your head . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 14 : 113 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. and Tcherkassof , A. 1997 . “ Facial expression and modes of action readiness ” . In The psychology of facial expression , Edited by: Russell , J. A. and Fernandez Dols , J. M. New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gosselin , P. , Kirouac , G. and Doré , F. Y. 1995 . Components and recognition of facial expression in the communication of emotion by actors . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 : 83 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess , U. , Banse , R. and Kappas , A. 1995 . The intensity of facial expression is determined by underlying affective state and social situation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 280 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. 1971 . The face of emotion , New York : Appleton-Century-Croft .
   Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. 1977 . Human emotions , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Jakobs , E. , Fischer , A. H. and Manstead , A. S. R . 1997 . Emotional experience as a function of social context : The role of the other . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 21 : 103 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobs , E. , Manstead , A. S. R. and Fischer , A. H. 1999 . Social motives and subjective feelings as determinants of facial displays: The case of smiling . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 25 : 424 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobs , E. , Manstead , A. S. R. and Fischer , A. H. 1998 . Sociality effects on negative facial displays: Physical presence and the relation with the other Manuscript submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Kraut , R. E. 1982 . Social presence, facial feedback, and emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 42 : 853 – 863 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraut , R. E. and Johnston , R. E. 1979 . Social and emotional messages of smiling: Anethological approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1539 – 1553 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manstead , A. S. R. , Fischer , A. H. and Jakobs , E. “ Expressive and communicative functions of facial displays ” . In The social context of nonverbal behavior , Edited by: Philippot , P. , Feldman , R. S. and Coats , E. J. New York : Cambridge University Press . in press
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , E. L. and Ekman , P. 1994 . Coherence between expressive and experiental systems in emotion . Cognition and Emotion , 8 : 201 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. 1994 . Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of cross-cultural studies . Psychological Bulletin , 115 : 102 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 1992 . What does facial expression express? . International Review of Studies on Emotion , 2 : 139 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , H. L. and Smith , J. 1991 . Facial expression in the presence of friends and strangers . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 15 : 201 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarczower , M. and Daruns , L. 1982 . Social inhibition of spo ntaneous facial expressions in children . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 : 831 – 837 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , R. D. and Frye , M. 1966 . Some are laughing, some are not : Why? . Psychological Reports , 18 : 747 – 754 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar