790
Views
127
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Activation and Inhibition of Affective Information: for Negative Priming in the Evaluation Task

Pages 65-91 | Published online: 31 Aug 2010

References

  • Allport , D. A. , Tipper , S. P. and Chmiel , N. R. J. 1985 . “ Perceptual integration and postcategorical filtering ” . In Attention and Performance XI , Edited by: Posner , M. I. and Mar , O. S. M. 107 – 132 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Andersen , J. R. 1974 . Retrieval of propositional information from long-term memory . Cognitive Psychology , 6 : 451 – 474 .
  • Andersen , J. R. 1983 . The architecture of cognition , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Anderson , J. R. and Pirolli , P. L. 1984 . Spread of activation . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. Memory, and Cognition , 10 : 791 – 798 .
  • Balota , D. A. , Boland , J. E. and Shields , L. W. 1989 . Priming in pronunciation: Beyond pattern recognition and onset latency . Journal of Memory and Language , 28 : 14 – 36 .
  • Bargh , J. A. , Chaiken , S. , Govender , R. and Pratto , F. 1992 . The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 62 : 893 – 912 .
  • Bargh , J. A. , Chaiken , S. , Raymond , P. and Hymes , C. 1996 . The automatic evaluation effect: Unconditional automatic attitude activation with a pronunciation task . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 32 : 104 – 128 .
  • Becker , C. A. 1980 . Semantic context effects in visual word recognition: An analysis of semantic strategies . Memory and Cognition , 8 : 493 – 512 .
  • Bower , G. H. 1981 . Mood and memory . American Psychologist , 36 : 129 – 148 .
  • Bower , G. H. 1991 . “ Mood congruity of social judgments ” . In Emotion and social judgments , Edited by: Forgas , J. P. 31 – 53 . Oxford, , UK : Pergamon .
  • Bower , G. H. and Cohen , P. R. 1982 . “ Emotional influences in memory and thinking: Data and theory ” . In Affect and cognition , Edited by: Clark , M. S. and Fiske , S. T. 291 – 331 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Burt , J. S. 1994 . Identity primes produce facilitation in a colour naming task . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 47A : 957 – 1000 .
  • Chiappe , D. L. and MacLeod , C. M. 1995 . Negative priming is not task bound: A consistent pattern across naming and categorization tasks . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 2 : 364 – 369 .
  • Collins , A. M. and Loftus , E. F. 1975 . A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing . Psychological Review , 82 : 407 – 428 .
  • De Groot , A. M. B. , Thomassen , A. J. W. M. and Hudson , P. T. W. 1982 . Associative facilitation of word recognition as measured from a neutral prime . Memory and Cognition , 10 : 358 – 370 .
  • De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 1998 . An affective variant of the Simon paradigm . Cognition and Emotion , 12 : 45 – 61 .
  • De Houwer , J. and Hermans , D. 1994 . Differences in the affective processing of words and pictures . Cognition and Emotion , 8 : 1 – 20 .
  • De Houwer , J. , Hermans , D. and Eelen , P. 1998 . Affective and identity priming with episodically associated stimuli . Cognition and Emotion , 12 : 145 – 169 .
  • Driver , J. and Tipper , S. P. 1989 . On the nonselectivity of “selective” seeing: Contrasts between interference and priming in selective attention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 15 : 304 – 314 .
  • Fazio , R. H. , Sanbonmatsu , D. M. , Powell , M. C. and Kardes , F. R. 1986 . On the automatic activation of attitudes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 229 – 238 .
  • Fox , E. 1994 . Attentional bias in anxiety: A defective inhibition hypothesis . Cognition and Emotion , 8 : 165 – 195 .
  • Fox , E. 1995 . Negative priming from ignored distractors in visual selection: A review . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 2 : 145 – 173 .
  • Fox , E. and De Fockert , J. W. 1998 . Negative priming depends on prime-probe similarity: Evidence for episodic retrieval . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 5 : 107 – 113 .
  • Frijda , N. H. 1988 . The laws of emotion . American Psychologist , 43 : 349 – 358 .
  • Greenwald , A. G. , Klinger , M. R. and Liu , T. J. 1989 . Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words . Memory and Cognition , 17 : 35 – 47 .
  • Hager , W. , Mecklenbräuker , S. , Möller , H. and Westermann , R. 1985 . Emotionsgehalt, Bildhaftigkeit, Konkretheit und Bedeutungshaltigkeit von 580 Adjektiven: Ein Beitrag zur Normierung und zur Prüfung einiger Zusammenhangshypothesen [Emotionality, imageability, concreteness, and meaningfulIness of 580 adjectives: A contribution to norming and test of correlations] . Archiv für Psychologie , 137 : 75 – 97 .
  • Hermans , D. 1996 . Automatische stimulusevaluatie. Een experimented analyse van de voorwaarden voor evaluatieve stimulusdiscriminatie aan de hand van het affectieve-primingparadigma. [Automatic stimulus evaluation. An experimental analysis of the preconditions for evaluative stimulus discrimination using an affective priming paradigm] , Belgium : University of Leuven . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Hermans , D. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 1994 . The affective priming effect: Automatic activation of evaluation information in memory . Cognition and Emotion , 8 : 515 – 533 .
  • Hermans , D. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 1996 . Evaluative decision latencies mediated by induced affective states . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 34 : 483 – 488 .
  • Hermans , D. , Van den Broeck , A. and Eelen , P. 1998 . Affective priming using a colournaming task: A test of an affective-motivational account of affective priming effects . Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie , 45 : 136 – 148 .
  • Hill , A. B. and Kemp-Wheeler , S. M. 1989 . The influence of context on lexical decision times for emotionally aversive words . Current Psychology Research and Reviews , 8 : 219 – 227 .
  • Houghton , G. and Tipper , S. P. 1994 . “ A model of inhibitory mechanisms in selective attention ” . In Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language , Edited by: Dagenbach , D. and Carr , T. H. 53 – 112 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Jonides , J. and Mack , R. 1984 . On the cost and benefit of cost and benefit . Psychological Bulletin , 96 : 29 – 44 .
  • Kemp-Wheeler , S. M. and Hill , A. B. 1992 . Semantic and emotional priming below objective detection threshold . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 113 – 128 .
  • Kitayama , S. and Howard , S. 1994 . “ Affective regulation of perception and comprehension: Amplification and semantic priming ” . In The heart's eye , Edited by: Niedenthal , P. M. and Kitayama , S. 41 – 65 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Klauer , K. C. 1998 . Affective priming . European Review of Social Psychology , 8 : 67 – 103 .
  • Klauer , K. C. and Musch , J. 1997 . Affective priming: The puzzle of the naming task , Germany : University of Bonn . Unpublished manuscript
  • Klauer , K. C. , Roßnagel , C. and Musch , J. 1995 . Affective priming effects: Evidence for assimilation and contrast , Germany : University of Bonn . Unpublished manuscript
  • Klauer , K. C. , Roßnagel , C. and Musch , J. 1997 . List-context effects in evaluative priming . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. Memory, and Cognition , 23 : 246 – 255 .
  • Klauer , K. C. and Stern , E. 1992 . How attitudes guide memory-based judgments: A twoprocess model . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 28 : 186 – 206 .
  • Lang , P. J. 1995 . The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention . American Psychologist , 50 : 372 – 385 .
  • Logan , G. D. 1988 . Toward an instance theory of automatization . Psychological Review , 95 : 492 – 527 .
  • Logan , G. D. and Zbrodoff , N. J. 1979 . Attention and automaticity in Stroop and priming tasks: Theory and data . Memory and Cognition , 7 : 166 – 174 .
  • Lowe , D. G. 1979 . Strategies, context, and the mechanism of response inhibition . Memory and Cognition , 7 : 382 – 389 .
  • Lowe , D. G. 1985 . Further investigations of inhibitory mechanisms in attention . Memory and Cognition , 13 : 74 – 80 .
  • MacLeod , C. M. 1991 . Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 163 – 203 .
  • Masson , M. E. J. 1995 . A distributed memory model of semantic priming . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. Memory, and Cognition , 21 : 3 – 23 .
  • May , C. P. , Kane , M. J. and Hasher , L. 1995 . Determinants of negative priming . Psychological Bulletin , 118 : 35 – 54 .
  • McClelland , J. L. , Rumelhart , D. E. and the PDP Research Group , eds. 1986 . Parallel distributed processing: Vol. 2. Explorations in the microstructure of cognition , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • McRae , K. , de Sa , V. R. and Seidenberg , M. S. 1997 . On the nature and scope of featural representations of word meaning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 126 : 99 – 130 .
  • Möller , H. and Hager , W. 1991 . Angenehmheit, Bedeutungshaltigkeit, Bildhaftigkeit und Konkretheit-Abstraktheit von 452 Adjektiven [Pleasantness, meaningfulness, imageability and concreteness of 452 adjectives] . Sprache und Kognition , 10 : 39 – 51 .
  • Murphy , S. T. and Zajonc , R. B. 1993 . Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 723 – 739 .
  • Neely , J. H. 1977 . Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 106 : 226 – 254 .
  • Neely , J. H. 1991 . “ Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories ” . In Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition , Edited by: Besner , D. and Humphreys , G. W. 264 – 336 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Neely , J. H. and Keefe , D. E. 1989 . “ Semantic context effects on visual word processing: A hybrid prospective-retrospective processing theory ” . In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 24 , 207 – 248 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Neely , J. H. , Keefe , D. E. and Ross , K. L. 1989 . Semantic priming in the lexical decision task: Roles of prospective prime-generated expectancies and retrospective semantic matching . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. Memory, and Cognition , 15 : 1003 – 1019 .
  • Neill , W. T. 1977 . Inhibitory and facilitatory processes in selective attention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 3 : 444 – 450 .
  • Neill , W. T. 1997 . Episodic retrieval in negative priming and repetition priming . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. Memory, and Cognition , 23 : 1291 – 1305 .
  • Neill , W. T. , Lissner , L. W. and Beck , J. L. 1990 . Negative priming in same-different matching: Further evidence for a central locus of inhibition . Perception and Psychophysics , 48 : 398 – 400 .
  • Neill , W. T. and Valdes , L. A. 1992 . Persistence of negative priming: Steady state or decay? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning . Memory, and Cognition , 18 : 565 – 576 .
  • Neill , W. T. , Valdes , L. A. and Terry , K. M. 1995 . “ Selective attention and the inhibitory control of cognition ” . In Interference and inhibition in cognition , Edited by: Dempster , F. N. and Brainerd , C. J. 207 – 261 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Neill , W. T. , Valdes , L. A. , Terry , K. M. and Gorfein , D. S. 1992 . Persistence of negative priming: II. Evidence for episodic trace retrieval . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. Memory, and Cognition , 18 : 993 – 1000 .
  • Pratto , F. 1994 . “ Consciousness and automatic evaluation ” . In The heart's eye , Edited by: Niedenthal , P. M. and Kitayama , S. 115 – 143 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Pratto , F. and John , O. P. 1991 . Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 380 – 391 .
  • Ratcliff , R. and McKoon , G. 1988 . A retrieval theory of priming in memory . Psychological Review , 95 : 385 – 408 .
  • Roskos-Ewoldsen , D. R. and Fazio , R. H. 1992 . On the orienting value of attitudes: Attitude accessibility as a determinant of an object's attraction of visual attention . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 198 – 211 .
  • Rothermund , K. and Wentura , D. 1998 . Ein fairer Test für die Aktivationsausbreitungshypothese: affektives Priming in der Stroop-Aufgabe. [An unbiased test of a spreading activation account of affective priming: Analysis of affective congruency effects in the Stroop task] . Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie , 45 : 120 – 135 .
  • Rumelhart , D. E. , McClelland , J. L. and the PDP Research Group , eds. 1986 . Parallel distributed processing: Vol I. Explorations in the microstructure of cognition , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Shaffer , W. O. and La Berge , D. 1979 . Automatic semantic processing of unattended words . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 18 : 413 – 426 .
  • Simon , H. A. 1967 . Motivational and emotional controls of cognition . Psychological Review , 74 : 29 – 39 .
  • Simon , J. R. 1990 . “ The effects of an irrelevant directional cue on human information processing ” . In Stimulus-response compatibility: An integrated perspective , Edited by: Proctor , R. W. and Reeve , T. G. 31 – 86 . Amsterdam : North-Holland .
  • Stroop , J. R. 1935 . Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 18 : 643 – 662 .
  • Tipper , S. P. 1985 . The negative priming effect: Inhibitory priming by ignored objects . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology , 37A : 571 – 590 .
  • Tipper , S. P. and Cranston , M. 1985 . Selective attention and priming: Inhibitory and facilitatory effects of ignored distractors . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology , 37A : 591 – 611 .
  • Tipper , S. P. , MacQueen , G. M. and Brehaut , J. C. 1988 . Negative priming between response modalities: Evidence for the central locus of inhibition in selective attention . Perception and Psychophysics , 43 : 45 – 52 .
  • Tukey , J. W. 1977 . Exploratory data analysis , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
  • Warren , R. E. 1972 . Stimulus encoding and memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 94 : 90 – 100 .
  • Warren , R. E. 1974 . Association, directionality, and stimulus encoding . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 102 : 151 – 158 .
  • Wentura , D. 1994 . Gibt es ein “affektives Priming” im semantischen Gedächtnis? , [Is there an affective priming effect in memory?]. (Reports of the Psychological Institute IV) Münster, , Germany : University of Münster .
  • Wentura , D. 1997 . “ Zur mentalen Repräsentation affektiv-evaluativer Komponenten: die Netzwerkmetapher und das Paradigma des “affektiven Primings” [The mental representation of affective-evaluative components: The network metaphor and the “affective priming” paradigm] ” . In Bericht üiber den 40. Kongreβ; der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in München 1996 , Edited by: Mandl , H. 964 – 971 . Göttingen : Hogrefe .
  • Wentura , D. 1998a . Affektives Priming in der Wortentscheidungsaufgabe: Evidenz für post lexikalische Urteilstendenzen. [Affective priming in the lexical decision task: Evidence for post-lexical judgment tendencies] . Sprache und Kognition , 17 : 125 – 137 .
  • Wentura , D. 1998 . Dissociative affective and associative priming effects in the lexical decision task: Responding with “yes” vs. “no” to word targets reveals evaluative judgment tendencies , University of Münster . Unpublished manuscript
  • Wentura , D. , Rothermund , K. and Bak , P. 1997 . Automatic vigilance: The attention grabbing power of behavior-related social information , University of Münster . Unpublished manuscript
  • Williams , J. M. G. , Mathews , A. and MacLeod , C. 1996 . The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology . Psychological Bulletin , 120 : 3 – 24 .
  • Yee , P. L. 1991 . Semantic inhibition of ignored words during a figure classification task . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 43A : 127 – 153 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.