Goal Orientation and the Modeling Process: An Individual's Focus on Form and Outcome

References

• Ames , C. 1984 . “ Competitive, cooperative, and individualistic goal structures: A cognitive-motivational analysis ” . In Research on motivation in education , Edited by: Ames , R. E. and Ames , C. 177 – 207 . Orlando , FL : Academic Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Ames , C. 1992 . “ Achievement goals, motivational climate, and motivational processes ” . In Motivation in sport and exercise , Edited by: Roberts , G. 161 – 176 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1977 . Social learning theory , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thought and action: A social, cognitive theory , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Burton , D. 1989 . Winning isn't everything: Examining the impact of performance goals on collegiate swimmers' cognitions and performance . The Sport Psychologist , 3 : 105 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Carroll , W. R. and Bandura , A. 1985 . Role of timing of visual monitoring and motor rehearsal in observational learning of action patterns . Journal of Motor Behavior , 17 : 269 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , W. R. and Bandura , A. 1987 . Translating cognition into action: The role of visual guidance in observational learning . Journal of Motor Behavior , 19 : 385 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , W. R. and Bandura , A. 1990 . Representational guidance of action production in observational learning: A causal analysis . Journal of Motor Behavior , 22 : 85 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaumeton , N. R. and Duda , J. L. 1988 . Is it how you play the game or whether you win or lose?: The effect of competitive level and situation on coaching behaviors . Journal of Sport Behavior , 11 : 157 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Christina , R. W. and Shea , J. B. 1993 . More on assessing the retention of motor learning based on restricted information . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 64 : 217 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L. J. 1951 . Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrika , 16 : 297 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E. L. and Ryan , R. M. 1985 . Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Dowrick , P. W. and Dove , C. 1980 . The use of self-modeling to improve the swimming performance of spina bifida children . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 13 : 51 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driver , H. I. 1964 . Tennis for teachers , Madison , WI : Monona-Driver Book Company .
   Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. 1988 . The relationship between goal perspectives, persistence, and behavioral intensity among male and female recreational sport participants . Leisure Sciences , 10 : 95 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. 1989 . The relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among male and female high school athletes . Journal of Exercise and Sport Psychology , 11 : 318 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. 1992 . “ Motivation in sport settings: A goal perspective approach ” . In Motivation in Sport and Exercise , Edited by: Glyn Roberts , C. 57 – 91 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. , Olson , L. K. and Templin , T. J. 1991 . The relationship of task and ego orientation to sportsmanship attitudes and the perceived legitimacy of injurious acts . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 62 : 79 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. 1986 . Motivational processes affecting learning . American Psychologist , 41 : 1040 – 1048 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feltz , D. L. 1982 . The effects of age and number of demonstrations on modeling of form and performance . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 53 : 291 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feltz , D. L. and Landers , D. M. 1977 . Informational-motivational components of a model's demonstration . Research Quarterly , 48 : 525 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , T. R. , Feltz , D. L. and Chase , M. A. 1992 . Effects of model similarity on self-efficacy and muscular endurance: A second look . Journal and Sport and Exercise Psychology , 14 : 237 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould , D. 1985 . Tennis, anyone? , Mountain View , CA : Mayfield Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , D. and Weiss , M. 1981 . The effects of model similarity and model talk on self-efficacy and muscular endurance . Journal of Sport Psychology , 3 : 17 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Harter , S. 1978 . Effectance motivation reconsidered . Human Development , 21 : 34 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt , J. E. 1966 . Hewitt's tennis achievement test . Research Quarterly , 37 : 231 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , R. M. and Saccuzzo , D. P. 1989 . Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues , Pacific Grove , CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Landin , D. 1994 . The role of verbal cues in skill learning . Quest , 46 : 299 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lirgg , C. D. and Feltz , D. L. 1991 . Teacher versus peer models revisited: Effects on motor performance and self-efficacy . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 62 : 217 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little , W. S. and McCullagh , P. 1989 . Motivation orientation and modeled instruction strategies: The effects on form and accuracy . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 11 : 41 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lochbaum , M. R. and Roberts , G. C. 1993 . Goal orientations and perceptions of the sport experience . Journal of Sport and Exercise , 15 : 160 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh , P. 1986 . Model status as a determinant of observational learning and performance . Journal of Sport Psychology , 8 : 319 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh , P. 1987 . Model similarity effects on motor performance . Journal of Sport Psychology , 9 : 249 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh , P. , Noble , J. , Starek , J. , Collins , J. and Meyer , K. From MTV to MVP: Implications for observational learning . Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance . Denver , CO . April .
   Google Scholar
• McCullagh , P. , Stiehl , J. and Weiss , M. R. 1990 . Developmental modeling effects on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of motor performance . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 61 : 344 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh , P. , Weiss , M. R. and Ross , D. 1989 . “ Modeling considerations in motor skill acquisition and performance: An integrated approach ” . In Exercise and sport sciences reviews, vol.17 , Edited by: Pandolf , K. B. 475 – 513 . Baltimore , MD : Williams and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Neeman , J. and Harter , S. 1986 . Manual for the self-perception profile for college students , Denver , CO : University of Denver .
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J. G. 1984 . Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance . Psychology Review , 91 : 328 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J. G. 1989 . The competitive ethos and democratic education , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Plagenhoef , S. 1970 . Fundamentals of tennis , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Scully , D. M. and Newell , K. M. 1985 . Observational learning and the acquisition of motor skills: Toward a visual perception perspective . Journal of Human Movement Studies , 11 : 169 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , J. P. 1986 . Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 1989 . Using multivariate statistics , New York : Harper Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , J. R. and Nelson , J. K. 1990 . Research methods in physical activity , Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , M. R. , Ebbeck , V. and Rose , D. J. 1992 . “Show and tell” in the gymnasium revisited: Developmental differences in modeling and verbal rehearsal effects on motor skill learning and performance . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 63 : 292 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , M. R. , Ebbeck , V. and Wiese-Bjornstal , D. 1993 . Developmental and psychological factors related to children's observational learning of physical skills . Pediatric Exercise Science , 5 : 301 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiese-Bjornstal , D. M. and Weiss , M. R. 1992 . Modeling effects on children's form kinematics, performance outcome, and cognitive recognition of a sport skill: An integrated perspective . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 63 : 67 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , L. 1994 . Goal orientations and athletes' preferences for competence information sources . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 16 : 416 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winfrey , M. L. and Weeks , D. L. 1993 . Effects of self-modeling on self-efficacy and balance beam performance . Perceptual Motor Skills , 77 : 907 – 913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yando , R. , Seitz , V. and Zigler , E. 1978 . Imitation: A developmental perspective , Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar