Methodological Considerations for Researchers and Practitioners Using Pedometers to Measure Physical (Ambulatory) Activity

References

• Ainsworth , B. E. , Leon , A. S. , Richardson , M. T. , Jacobs , D. R. and Paffenbarger , R. S. 1993 . Accuracy of the college alumnus physical activity questionnaire . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 46 : 1403 – 1411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett , D. R. 2000 . Validity and reliability issues in objective monitoring of physical activity . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 71 : 30 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett , D. R. , Ainsworth , B. E. , Leggett , S. R. , Mathien , C. A. , Main , J. A. , Hunter , D. C. and Duncan , G. E. 1996 . Accuracy of five electronic pedometers for measuring distance walked . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 28 : 1071 – 1077 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett , D. R. , Ainsworth , B. E. , Swartz , A. M. , Stratch , S. J. , O'Brien , W. L. and King , G. A. 2000 . Validity of four motion sensors in measuring moderate intensity physical activity . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 32 : S417 – S418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett , D. R. , Cureton , A. L. and Ainsworth , B. E. 2000 . Measurement of daily walking distance—Questionnaire versus pedometer . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 32 : 1018 – 1023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassey , E. J. , Bendall , M. J. and Pearson , M. 1988 . Muscle strength in the triceps surae and objectively measured customary walking activity in men and women over 65 years of age . Clinical Science , 74 : 85 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassey , E. J. , Dallosso , H. M. , Fentem , P. H. , Irving , J. M. and Patrick , J. M. 1987 . Validation of a simple walking mechanical accelerometer (pedometer) for the estimation of walking activity . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 56 : 323 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassey , E. J. , Patrick , J. M. , Irving , J. M. , Blecher , A. and Fentem , P. H. 1983 . An unsupervised “aerobics” physical training program in middle-aged factory workers: Feasibility, validation, and response . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 52 ( 1 ) : 120 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair , S. N. 1984 . “ How to assess exercise habits and physical fitness ” . In Behavioral health: A handbook of health enhancement and disease prevention , Edited by: Matarazzo , J. D. , Weiss , S. M. , Herd , J. A. and Miller , N. E. 424 – 447 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Cowley , A. J. , Fullwood , L. , Stainer , K. and Hampton , J. R. 1991 . Exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure—How should it be measured? . European Heart Journal , 12 ( 1 ) : 50 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , A. L. , Anderson , R. E. and Jakicic , J. M. 1998 . Lifestyle physical activity interventions. History, short- and long-term effects, and recommendations . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 15 ( 4 ) : 398 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , A. L. , Marcus , B. H. , Kampert , J. B. , Garcia , M. E. , Kohl , H. W. III and Blair , S. N. 1999 . Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: A randomized trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 281 ( 4 ) : 327 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogelholm , M. , Hiilloskorpi , H. , Laukkanen , R. , Oja , P. , Van Marken Lichtenbelt , W. and Westerterp , K. 1998a . Assessment of energy expenditure in overweight women . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 30 : 1191 – 1197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogelholm , M. , Kukkonen-Harjula , K. and Oja , P. 1998b . Eating control and physical activity as determinants of short-term weight maintenance after a very low-calorie diet among obese women . International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders , 23 : 203 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , E. S. and Herman , W. H. 1995 . Leisure-time physical activity patterns in the U.S. diabetic population. Findings from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey—Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement . Diabetes Care , 18 ( 1 ) : 27 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedson , P. S. and Miller , K. 2000 . Objective monitoring of physical activity using motion sensors and heart rate . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 71 : 21 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner , A. W. , Sieminski , D. J. and Killewich , L. A. 1997 . The effect of cigarette smoking on free-living daily physical activity in older claudication patients . Angiology , 48 : 947 – 955 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gretebeck , R. J. and Montoye , H. J. 1992 . Variability of some objective measures of physical activity . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 24 : 1167 – 1172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachisuka , K. , Tsutsui , Y. , Furusawa , K. and Ogata , H. 1998 . Gender differences in disability and lifestyle among community-dwelling elderly stroke patients in Kitakyushu, Japan . Archives of Physical Medical and Rehabilitation , 79 : 998 – 1002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatano , Y. 1993 . Use of the pedometer for promoting daily walking exercise . International Council for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation , 29 : 4 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , K. A. , Ainsworth , B. E. , Stolarzcyk , L. M. , Hootman , J. M. and Levin , S. 1999 . Notes on linking qualitative and quantitative data: The Cross Cultural Physical Activity Participation Study . Leisure Sciences , 21 : 247 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoodless , D. J. , Stainer , K. , Savic , N. , Batin , P. , Hawkins , M. and Cowley , A. J. 1994 . Reduced customary activity in chronic heart failure: Assessment with a new shoe-mounted pedometer . International Journal of Cardiology , 43 ( 1 ) : 39 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichihara , Y. , Hattori , R. , Anno , T. , Okuma , K. , Yokoi , M. , Mizuno , Y. , Iwatsuka , T. , Ohta , T. and Kawamura , T. 1996 . Oxygen uptake and its relation to physical activity and other coronary risk factors in asymptomatic middle-aged Japanese . Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation , 16 : 378 – 385 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inoue , Y. 1996 . Longitudinal effects of age on heat-activated sweat gland density and output in healthy active older men . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 74 : 72 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashiwazaki , H. , Inaoka , T. , Suzuki , T. and Kondo , Y. 1986 . Correlations of pedometer readings with energy expenditure in workers during free-living daily activities . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 54 : 585 – 590 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriska , A. 2000 . Physical activity and the prevention of Type 2 diabetes mellitus: How much for how long? . Sports Medicine , 29 ( 3 ) : 147 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriska , A. M. and Casperson , C. J. 1997 . A collection of physical activity questionnaires for health-related research . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 29 ( Suppl. 6 ) : S1 – S205 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kriska , A. M. , Knowler , W. C. , LaPorte , R. E. , Drash , A. L. , Wing , R. R. , Blair , S. N. , Bennett , P. H. and Kuller , L. H. 1990 . Development of questionnaire to examine relationship of physical activity and diabetes in Pima Indians . Diabetes Care , 13 : 401 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahar , M. T. and Ainsworth , B. E. 2000 . Measurement of Physical Activity: The Cooper Institute Conference Series . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 71 ( Suppl. 2 )
   Google Scholar
• Masse , L. C. , Ainsworth , B. E. , Tortolero , S. , Levin , S. , Fulton , J. E. , Henderson , K. A. and Mayo , K. 1998 . Measuring physical activity in midlife, older and minority women: Issues from an expert panel . Journal of Women's Health , 7 ( 1 ) : 57 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung , C. D. , Zahiri , C. A. , Higa , J. K. , Amstutz , H. C. and Schmalzried , T. P. 2000 . Relationship between body mass index and activity in hip or knee arthroplasty patients . Journal of Orthopaedic Research , 18 ( 1 ) : 35 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meshkinpour , H. , Selod , S. , Movahedi , H. , Nami , N. , James , N. and Wilson , A. 1998 . Effects of regular exercise in management of chronic idiopathic constipation . Digestive Diseases and Sciences , 43 : 2379 – 2383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , A. M. 1999 . Program Evaluation for Exercise Leaders , Champaign IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Ogita , S. , Matsuo , S. , Oka , T. , Kawabata , R. , Matsumoto , M. , Fujino , Y. , Urame , Y. , Iwanaga , K. and Fukuoka , M. 1989 . Significance of exercise and bed rest in pregnancy—Pregnancy and walk . The Annals of Physiological Anthropology , 8 ( 1 ) : 13 – 19 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pate , R. R. , Pratt , M. , Blair , S. N. , Haskell , W. L. , Macera , C. A. , Bouchard , C. , Buchner , D. , Ettinger , W. , Heath , G. W. , King , A. C. , Kriska , A. , Leon , A. S. , Marcus , B. H. , Morris , J. , Paffenbarger , R. S. , Patrick , K. , Pollock , M. L. , Rippe , J. M. , Sallis , J. and Wilmore , J. H. 1995 . Physical activity and public health: A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine . Journal of the American Medical Associaton , 273 ( 5 ) : 402 – 407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puente-Maestu , L. , Sanz , M. L. , Sanz , P. , Cubillo , J. M. , Mayol , J. and Casaburi , R. 2000 . Comparison of effects of supervised versus self-monitored training programs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . European Respiratory Journal , 15 : 517 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowlands , A. V. , Eston , R. G. and Ingledew , E. K. 1997 . Measurement of physical activity in children with particular reference to the use of heart rate and pedometry . Sports Medicine , 24 ( 4 ) : 258 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowlands , A. V. , Eston , R. G. and Ingledew , D. K. 1999 . Relationship between activity levels, aerobic fitness, and body fat in 8- to 10-year-old children . Journal of Applied Physiology , 86 : 1428 – 1435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saris , W. H. M. and Binkhorst , R. A. 1977 . The use of pedometer and actometer in studying daily physical activity in man. Part I: Reliability of pedometer and actometer . European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology , 37 ( 3 ) : 219 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkin , J. A. , Nichols , J. F. , Sallis , J. F. and Calfas , K. J. 2000 . Self-report measures and scoring protocols affect prevalence of estimates of meeting physical activity guidelines . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 32 : 149 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmalzried , T. P. , Szuszczewicz , E. S. , Northfield , M. R. , Akizuki , D. H. , Frankel , R. E. , Belcher , B. and Amstutz , H. C. 1998 . Quantitative assessment of walking activity after total hip or knee replacement . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery , 80-A ( 1 ) : 54 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonhofer , B. , Ardes , P. , Geibel , M. , Kohler , D. and Jones , P. W. 1997 . Evaluation of a movement detector to measure daily activity in patients with chronic lung disease . European Respiratory Journal , 10 : 2814 – 2819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sequeira , M. M. , Rickenbach , M. , Wietlisbach , V. , Tullen , B. and Schutz , Y. 1995 . Physical activity assessment using a pedometer and its comparison with a questionnaire in a large population survey . American Journal of Epidemiology , 142 : 989 – 999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaukat , N. , Douglas , J. T. , Bennett , J. L. and deBono , D. P. 1995 . Can physical activity explain the differences in insulin levels and fibrinolytic activity between young Indo-origin and European relatives of patients with coronary heart disease? . Fibrinolysis , 9 : 55 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Shephard , R. J. 1989 . Assessment of physical activity and energy needs . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 50 ( Suppl. 5 ) : 1195 – 1200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd , E. F. , Toloza , E. , McClung , C. D. and Schmalzried , T. P. 1999 . Step activity monitor: Increased accuracy in quantifying ambulatory activity . Journal of Orthopaedic Research , 17 : 703 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieminski , D. J. , Cowell , L. L. , Montgomery , P. S. , Pillai , S. B. and Gardner , A. W. 1997 . Physical activity monitoring in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease . Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation , 17 ( 1 ) : 43 – 47 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sieminski , D. J. and Gardner , A. W. 1997 . The relationship between free-living daily physical activity and the severity of peripheral arterial occlusive disease . Vascular Medicine , 2 : 286 – 291 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki , M. , Saitoh , S. , Taskaki , Y. , Shimonmura , Y. , Makishima , R. and Hosoya , N. 1991 . Nutritional status and daily physical activity of handicapped students in Tokyo metropolitan schools for deaf, blind, mentally retarded, and physically handicapped individuals . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 54 : 1101 – 1111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toda , Y. , Toda , T. , Takemura , S. , Wada , T. , Morimoto , T. and Ogawa , R. 1998 . Change in body fat, but not body weight or metabolic correlates of obesity, is related to symptomatic relief of obese patients with knee osteoarthritis after a weight control program . Journal of Rheumatology , 25 : 2181 – 2186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tryon , W. W. , Goldberg , J. L. and Morrison , D. F. 1992 . Activity decreases as percentage of overweight increases . International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders , 16 : 591 – 595 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tryon , W. W. , Pinto , L. P. and Morrison , D. F. 1991 . Reliability assessment of pedometer activity measurements . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 13 ( 1 ) : 27 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudor-Locke , C. E. 1999 . Development, Implementation and Evaluation of a Daily Physical Activity Intervention for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes , Waterloo , Ontario : University of Waterloo . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Tudor-Locke , C. , Myers , A. M. and Rodger , N. W. Formative evaluation of The First Step Program: A practical intervention to increase daily physical activity . Canadian Journal of Diabetes Care , (in press a)
   Google Scholar
• Tudor-Locke , C. E. and Myers , A. M. Challenges and opportunities for measuring physical activity in sedentary adults . Sports Medicine , (in press b)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 1996 . Surgeon General's report on physical activity and health. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Journal of the American Medical Association , 276 ( 7 ) : 522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser , M. , De Groot , L. C. P. G. M. , Deurenberg , P. and Van Staveren , W. A. 1995 . Validation of dietary history method in a group of elderly women using measurements of total energy expenditure . British Journal of Nutrition , 74 : 775 – 785 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorrips , L. E. , Ravelli , A. C. J. , Dongelmans , P. C. A. , Deurenberg , P. and Van Staveren , W. A. 1991 . A physical activity questionnaire for the elderly . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 23 : 974 – 979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , J. T. , Andrews , R. , Evans , A. and Crowley , A. J. 1995 . Failure of “effective” treatment for heart failure to improve normal customary activity . British Heart Journal , 74 ( 4 ) : 373 – 376 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walsh , J. T. , Charlesworth , A. , Andrews , R. , Hawkins , M. and Cowley , A. J. 1997 . Relation of daily activity levels in patients with chronic heart failure to long-term prognosis . American Journal of Cardiology , 79 : 1364 – 1369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welk , G. J. , Corbin , C. B. and Dale , D. 2000 . Measurement issues in the assessment of physical activity in children . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 71 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 59 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerterp , K. R. 1999 . Physical activity assessment with accelerometers . International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders , 23 ( Suppl. 3 ) : S45 – S49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanouchi , K. , Takashi , T. , Chikada , K. , Nishikawa , T. , Ito , K. , Shimizu , S. , Ozawa , N. , Suzuki , Y. , Maeno , H. , Kato , K. , Oshida , Y. and Sato , Y. 1995 . Daily walking combined with diet therapy is a useful means for obese NIDDM patients not only to reduce body weight but also to improve insulin sensitivity . Diabetes Care , 18 : 775 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar