The Relationship Among Motor Proficiency, Physical Fitness, and Body Composition in Children With and Without Visual Impairments

References

• Barnett , L. M. , Morgan , P. J. , Van Beurden , E. and Beard , J. R. 2008 . Perceived sports competence mediates the relationship between childhood motor skill proficiency and adolescent physical activity and fitness: A longitudinal assessment . International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , 5 : 40 doi: 10.1186/1479–5868-5–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , L. M. , Van Beurden , E. , Morgan , P. J. , Brooks , L. O. and Beard , J. R. 2008 . Does childhood motor skill proficiency predict adolescent fitness? . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 40 : 2137 – 2144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , L. M. , Van Beurden , E. , Morgan , P. J. , Brooks , L. O. and Beard , J. R. 2009 . Childhood motor skill proficiency as a predictor of adolescent physical activity . Journal of Adolescent Health , 44 : 252 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blessing , D. L. , McCrimmon , D. , Stovall , J. and Williford , H. N. 1993 . The effects of regular exercise programs for visually impaired and sighted schoolchildren . Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , 87 : 50 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boreham , C. and Riddoch , C. 2001 . The physical activity, fitness and health of children . Journal of Sports Sciences , 19 : 915 – 929 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard , D. and Tetreault , S. 2000 . The motor development of sighted children and children with moderate low vision aged 8–13 . Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , 94 : 564 – 573 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruininks , R. H. 1978 . Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency: Examiner’s manual Circle Pines, MN : American Guidance Service .
   Google Scholar
• Cantell , M. , Crawford , S. G. and Doyle-Baker , P. K. 2008 . Physical fitness and health indices in children, adolescents and adults with high or low motor competence . Human Movement Science , 27 : 344 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catenassi , F. Z. , Marques , I. , Bastos , C. B. , Basso , L. , Vaz Ronque , E. R. and Mendes Gerage , A. 2007 . Relationship between body mass index and gross motor skill in four- to six-year-old children . Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte , 13 : 203e –206e
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, , 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Earlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , T. J. , Bellizzi , M. C. , Flegal , K. M. and Dietz , W. H. 2000 . Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey . British Medical Journal , 320 : 1240 – 1243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research. 1994 . The Prudential FITNESSGRAM Dallas, TX : Author. .
   Google Scholar
• Council of Europe, Committee for Development of Sport. 1998 . Eurofit: European tests of physical fitness Rome : Edigraf Editoriale Grafica. .
   Google Scholar
• Deforche , B. , Lefevre , J. , De Bourdeaudhuij , I. , Hills , A. P. , Duquet , W. and Bouckaert , J. 2003 . Physical fitness and physical activity in obese and nonobese Flemish youth . Obesity Research , 11 : 434 – 441 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dennison , B. A. , Straus , J. H. , Mellits , E. D. and Charney , E. 1988 . Childhood physical fitness tests: Predictor of adult physical activity levels? . Pediatrics , 82 : 324 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , A. 2005 . Discovering statistics using SPSS, , 2nd ed. London : SAGE .
   Google Scholar
• Fjørtoft, I. 2000 . Motor fitness in pre-primary school children: The Eurofit motor fitness test explored on 5–7-year-old children . Pediatric Exercise Science , 12 : 424 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley , J. T. , Harvey , S. , Chun , H. J. and Kim , S. Y. 2008 . The relationship among fundamental motor skills, health-related physical fitness, and body fatness in South Korean adolescents with mental retardation . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 79 : 149 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , G. C. and Chow , B. 2006 . Relationship between BMI, physical fitness, and motor skills in youth with mild intellectual disabilities . International Journal of Obesity , 30 : 861 – 867 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graf , C. , Koch , B. , Kretschmann-Kandel , E. , Falkowski , G. , Christ , H. Coburger , S. 2004 . Correlation between BMI, leisure habits and motor abilities in childhood (CHILT-Project) . International Journal of Obesity , 28 : 22 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronmo , S. J. and Augestad , L. B. 2000 . Physical activity, self-concept, and global self-worth of blind youths in Norway and France . Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , 94 : 522 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haga , M. 2008 . The relationship between physical fitness and motor competence in children . Child: Care, Health and Development , 34 : 329 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häkkinen , A. , Holopainen , E. , Kautiainen , H. , Sillanpää , E. and Häkkinen , K. 2006 . Neuromuscular function and balance of prepubertal and pubertal blind and sighted boys . Acta Paediatrica , 95 : 1277 – 1283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , S. E. and Sugden , D. A. 1992 . Movement assessment battery for children: Manual London : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins , W. G. , Gaeta , H. , Thomas , A. C. and Hill , P. M. 1987 . Physical fitness of blind and sighted children . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 56 : 69 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houwen , S. , Hartman , E. and Visscher , C. 2009 . Physical activity and motor skills in children with and without visual impairments . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 41 : 103 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houwen , S. , Visscher , C. , Hartman , E. and Lemmink , K. A. P. M. 2006 . Test-retest reliability of Eurofit physical fitness items in children with visual impairments . Pediatric Exercise Science , 18 : 300 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houwen , S. , Visscher , C. , Hartman , E. and Lemmink , K. A. P. M. 2007 . Gross motor skills and sports participation of children with visual impairments . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 78 : 16 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houwen , S. , Visscher , C. , Lemmink , K. A. P. M. and Hartman , E. 2008 . Motor skill performance of school-age children with visual impairments . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 50 : 139 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houwen , S. , Hartman , E. , Jonker , L. and Visscher , C. 2010 . Reliability and validity of the TMGD-2 in primary school-age children with visual impairments . Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly , 27 : 143 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hume , C. , Okely , A. , Bagley , S. , Telford , A. , Booth , M. Crawford , D. 2008 . Does weight status influence associations between children’s fundamental movement skills and physical activity? . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 79 : 158 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettaneh , A. , Heude , B. , Lommez , A. , Borys , J. M. , Ducimetière , P. and Charles , M. A. 2005 . Reliability of bioimpedance analysis compared with other adiposity measurements in children: The FLVS II study . Diabetes and Metabolism , 31 : 534 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Léger , L. A. , Mercier , D. , Gadoury , C. and Lambert , J. 1988 . The multistage 20 meter shuttle run test for aerobic fitness . Journal of Sport Sciences , 6 : 93 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , L. J. and McHugh , E. 2001 . Health-related fitness of children who are visually impaired . Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , 95 : 272 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , L. J. , Stuart , M. E. , Hand , K. and Robinson , B. 2006 . An investigation of the motivational effects of talking pedometers among children with visual impairments and deaf-blindness . Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , 100 : 726 – 736 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longmuir , P. 1998 . Considerations for fitness appraisal, programming, and counseling of individuals with sensory impairments . Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology , 23 : 166 – 184 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahoney , C. and Boreham , C. A. G. 1992 . “ Validity and reliability of fitness testing in primary school children ” . In Sport and physical activity: Moving towards excellence Edited by: Williams , T. , Almond , L. and Sparkes , A. 429 – 437 . London : E & FN Spon .
   Google Scholar
• McCartney , K. and Rosenthal , R. 2000 . Effect size, practical importance, and social policy for children . Child Development , 71 : 173 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meek , G. A. and Maguire , J. F. 1996 . A field experiment of minimum physical fitness of children with visual impairments . Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , 90 : 77 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okely , A. D. , Booth , M. L. and Chey , T. 2004 . Relationships between body composition and fundamental movement skills among children and adolescents . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 75 : 238 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okely , A. D. , Booth , M. L. and Patterson , J. W. 2001 . Relationship of cardiorespiratory endurance to fundamental movement skill proficiency among adolescents . Pediatric Exercise Science , 13 : 380 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega , F. B. , Ruiz , J. R. , Castillo , M. J. and Sjöström , M. 2008 . Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: A powerful marker of health . International Journal of Obesity , 32 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pate , R. R. , Pratt , M. , Blair , S. N. , Haskell , W. L. , Macera , C. A. Bouchard , C. 1995 . Physical activity and public health: A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine . Journal of the American Medical Association , 273 : 402 – 407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen , A. A. , Ziviani , J. M. , Johnson , H. and Cuskelly , M. 2008 . Loneliness and life satisfaction of boys with developmental coordination disorder: The impact of leisure participation and perceived freedom in leisure . Human Movement Science , 27 : 325 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin , G. and Stokes , M. 1998 . Reliability of assessment tools in rehabilitation: An illustration of appropriate statistical analysis . Clinical Rehabilitation , 12 : 187 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves , L. , Broeder , C. E. , Kennedy-Honeycutt , L. , East , C. and Matney , L. 1999 . Relationship of fitness and gross motor skills for five-to-six-year-old children . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 89 : 739 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. and Rubin , D. B. 2003 . r equivalent: A simple effect size indicator . Psychological Methods , 8 : 492 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short , F. X. and Winnick , J. P. 1986 . The influence of visual impairment on physical fitness test performance . Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , 80 : 729 – 731 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short , F. X. and Winnick , J. P. 2005 . Test items and standards related to aerobic functioning on the Brockport Physical Fitness Test . Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly , 22 : 333 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stodden , D. F. , Goodway , J. D. , Langendorfer , S. J. , Roberton , M. A. , Rudisill , M. E. Garcia , C. 2008 . A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship . Quest , 60 : 290 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugden , D. A. and Keogh , J. F. 1990 . Problems in movement skill development Columbia, SC : University of South Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tyrrell , V. J. , Richards , G. , Hofman , P. , Gillies , G. F. , Robinson , E. and Cutfield , W. S. 2001 . Foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis: A valuable tool for the measurement of body composition in children . International Journal of Obesity , 25 : 273 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich , D. A . 2000 . Test of gross motor development, , 2nd ed. Austin, TX : Pro-Ed. .
   Google Scholar
• Wall , A. E. T. 2004 . The developmental skill-learning gap hypothesis: Implications for children with movement difficulties . Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly , 21 : 197 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winnick , J. P. 1985 . The performance of visually impaired youngsters in physical education activities: Implications for mainstreaming . Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly , 2 : 292 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Winnick , J. P. and Short , F. X. 1985 . Physical fitness testing of the disabled: Project UNIQUE Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2001 . International classification of functioning, disability, and health Geneva, Switzerland : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Wyatt , L. and Ng , G. Y. 1997 . The effect of visual impairment on the strength of children’s hip and knee extensors . Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , 91 : 40 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar