Stepping From Belgium to the United States and Back: The Conceptualization and Impact of the Harvard Step Test, 1942–2012

References

• Astrand , P. -O. and Ryhming , I. 1954 . Nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity from pulse rate during submaximal work . Journal of Applied Physiology , 7 : 218 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banibrata , D. , Tirthankar , G. and Somnath , G. 2010 . A comparative study of physical fitness index and predicted maximum aerobic capacity among the different groups of female students in West Bengal, India . International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences , 22 ( 1 ) : 13 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Bock, A. V. (1942, October 23). [Letter to H. Means]. HFL Records (Series 1, Box 1, Folder 8), Archives of the Harvard Medical School, Countway Library, Cambridge, MA
   Google Scholar
• Bookwalter , K. W. 1948 . A study of the Brouha Step Test . The Physical Educator , 5 ( 3 ) 55
   Google Scholar
• Brouha , L. 1931 . Les Instituts supérieurs d'Education physique de certaines universities d'Europe (Archives of the General Secretariat, N° 352, handwritten report) , Liège, Belgium : Archives of the State University in Liège (ARUL) .
   Google Scholar
• Brouha, L. (1934, November 20). [Letter to P.V. Karpovich]. Henderson Papers (Box 3, Folder 52), Archives of the Harvard Business School, Baker Library, Cambridge, MA
   Google Scholar
• Brouha, L. (1943a, February 5). [Letter to A.W. Morrison]. Grant Collection (Harvard series, Box 3, Folder 21), Rockefeller Archive Center, New York
   Google Scholar
• Brouha, L. (1943b, July 13). [Letter to A.W. Morrison]. Grant Collection (Harvard series, Box 3, Folder 23), Rockefeller Archive Center, New York
   Google Scholar
• Brouha , L. 1943c . The step test: A simple method of measuring physical fitness for muscular work in young men . The Research Quarterly , 14 : 31 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Brouha , L. , Darling , R. C. , Dill , D. B. , Forbes , W. H. , Graybiel , A. , Heath , C. and Johnson , R. E. 1942 . The problem of measuring physical fitness for hard work (HFL Records, Report #7, OSRD Report #54) , Cambridge, MA : Archives of the Harvard Medical School, Countway Library .
   Google Scholar
• Brouha , L. , Fradd , N. W. and Savage , B. M. 1944 . Studies in physical efficiency of college students . The Research Quarterly , 14 : 31 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Brouha , L. and Gallagher , R. 1943 . A functional fitness test for high school girls . Journal of Health and Physical Education , 14 : 517 – 518 .
   Google Scholar
• Brouha , L. , Graybiel , A. and Heath , C. W. 1943 . The step test: A simple method of measuring physical fitness for hard muscular work in adult men . Revue Canadienne de Biologie , 2 ( 1 ) : 86 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Buskirk , E. R. and Tipton , C. M. 1997 . “ Exercise physiology ” . In The history of exercise and sport science , Edited by: Massengale , J. D. and Swanson , R. A. 367 – 438 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Cannon, W. B. (1941, October 27). [Letter to W.B. Donham]. Cannon Papers (Box 21, Folder 257), Archives of the Harvard Medical School, Countway Library, Cambridge, MA
   Google Scholar
• Cannon Papers. (Box 57, Folders 741–760). Archives of the Harvard Medical School, Countway Library, Cambridge, MA
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , H. C. 1945 . Fatigue Curve Test . Research Quarterly , 16 : 169 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casier, P. (1954). Schneider-test (Unpublished master's thesis). KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
   Google Scholar
• Chardon , H. 1951 . Considérations au sujet de quelques données relatives à l'aptitude au service dans le personnel non navigant de la Force aérienne [Considerations about some data on the serviceability of non-flying crew members of the Air Force] . Annales Belges de Médecine Militaire , 3 : 51 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , S. -M. , Wang , J. -S. , Lee , W. -C. , Hou , C. -W. , Chen , C. -Y. , Laio , Y. -H. and … Kuo , C. -H. 2006 . Validity of the 3 min step test in moderate altitude: Environmental temperature as a confounder . Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism , 31 : 726 – 730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin , C. B. 2012 . C.H. McCloy Lecture: Fifty years of advancements in fitness and activity research . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 83 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cureton , T. K. 1951 . Physical fitness of champion athletes , Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dardenne, A. (1955). Recherche sur le step-test chez les jeunes filles [Research on the Step Test for young girls] (Unpublished master's thesis). KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
   Google Scholar
• Delheye , P. 2005 . “ The creation of doctoral degrees in physical education: A world première at the State University of Ghent in Belgium (1908–1914) ” . In Struggling for gymnastics. The scientisation and institutionalisation of physical education in Belgium (1830–1914) , unpublished doctoral dissertation Edited by: Delheye , P. 293 – 308 . Leuven, Belgium : KU Leuven .
   Google Scholar
• Dill, D. B. (1941, December 17). [Letter to W.H. Forbes]. HFL Records (Series 1, Box 1, Folder 3), Archives of the Harvard Medical School, Countway Library, Cambridge, MA
   Google Scholar
• Dill, D. B. (1944). Notes of visit to Boston (May 19–23, 1944). Grant Collection (Harvard Series, Box 3, Folder 27), Rockefeller Archive Center, New York
   Google Scholar
• Drury , D. G. 1999 . “ The history of exercise physiology in the United States ” . In Proceedings of the 6th Congress of the International Society for the History of Physical Education and Sport , Edited by: Szikora , K. , Nagy , P. , Bandy , S. J. , Pfister , G. and Terret , T. 180 – 183 . Budapest, Hungary : Semmelweis University .
   Google Scholar
• Eckert , M. 2005 . Internationalism and the transfer of technical knowledge: The United States, Germany and aerodynamics after World War I . Technology and Culture , 46 : 104 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evrard , E. 1951a . Essai d'application du step-test au contrôle médico-sportif et à la sélection des aviateurs [Test application of the Step Test on the sports medical control and the selection of pilots] . La Médecine Aéronautique , 6 : 301 – 307 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evrard , E. 1951b . Essai d'application du step-test au contrôle médico-sportif et à la sélection des aviateurs [Test application of the Step Test on the sports medical control and the selection of pilots] . Travaux de la Société Médicale Belge d'Education Physique et de Sports , 5 : 55 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Evrard , E. 1951c . Le step test: Nouvelle épreuve d'aptitude cardiaque à l'effort et de forme Physique [The Step Test: A new test for evaluating the cardiac response to physical effort and the level of physical fitness] . Annales Belges de Médecine Militaire , 4 : 131 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Evrard , E. 1952 . Note complémentaire sur l'application du step-test à la sélection des aviateurs et à l'évaluation de leur degré de forme physique [Additional remarks on the application of the Step Test for the selection of pilots and the evaluation of their physical fitness levels] . Travaux de la Société Médicale Belge d'Education Physique et de Sports , 6 : 44 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Evrard , E. 1957 . Le step-test: Résultats d'une expérience sur sa valeur dans la sélection des aviateurs et le contrôle médico-sportif [The Step Test: Results of a study on its value towards the selection of pilots and the sports medical control] . Travaux de la Société Médicale Belge d'Education Physique et de Sports , 10 : 112 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Evrard , E. 1969 . Aspects médicaux et médico-sociaux du parachutisme sportif en Belgique [Medical and medico-social aspects of skydiving in Belgium] . Travaux de la Société Médicale Belge d'Education Physique et de Sports , 21 : 22 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Forbes, W. H. (1942, December 28). [Letter to R.C. Prentiss]. HFL Records (Series 1, Box 1, Folder 6), Archives of the Harvard Medical School, Countway Library, Cambridge, MA
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher , R. and Brouha , L. 1943a . A method of testing the physical fitness of high school girls . Revue Canadienne de Biologie , 2 : 395 – 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher , R. and Brouha , L. 1943b . A simple method of evaluating fitness in boys: The Step Test . Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine , 15 : 769 – 779 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gallagher , R. and Brouha , L. 1943c . A simple method of testing the physical fitness of boys . Research Quarterly , 14 : 23 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher , R. and Brouha , L. 1944 . Physical fitness: Its evaluation and significance . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 125 : 834 – 838 .
   Google Scholar
• Grandpierre , R. 1947 . Note sur un nouveau test d'aptitude cardiaque à l'effort. Le step-test [Remarks on a new test for evaluating the cardiac response to physical effort. The Step Test] . La Médecine Aéronautique , 2 : 353 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Grant, W. T. (1943). Report of visit to Grant Study, 14–15 June 1943. Grant Collection (Harvard Series, Box 3, Folder 22), Rockefeller Archive Center, New York
   Google Scholar
• Grant Study. (1943a). Progress report on the use of the Grant Study tests, July 1943. Grant Collection (Harvard Series, Box 3, Folder 23), Rockefeller Archive Center, New York
   Google Scholar
• Grant Study. (1943b). Report of the Grant Study, 1942–1943. Grant Collection (Harvard Series, Box 3, Folder 27), Rockefeller Archive Center, New York
   Google Scholar
• Greene , N. P. , Greene , E. S. , Carbuhn , A. F. , Green , J. S. and Crouse , S. F. 2011 . VO2 prediction and cardiorespiratory responses during underwater treadmill exercise . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 82 : 264 – 273 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall , S. M. 1948 . Comparative study of the Carlson Fatigue Curve Test, the Brouha Step Test, the Wetzel Grid, and the medical examination , Eugene : University of Oregon .
   Google Scholar
• Hamill , J. and Haymes , E. M. 2005 . Biomechanics, exercise physiology and the 75th anniversary of RQES . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 76 : S53 – S61 . Suppl. 2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath , C. W. , Brouha , L. , Gregory , L. W. , Seltzer , C. C. , Wells , F. L. and Woods , W. L. 1945 . What people are: A study of normal young men , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heath , C. W. , Woods , W. L. , Brouha , L. , Seltzer , C. C. and Bock , A. V. 1943 . Personnel selection: A short method for selection of combat officers . Annals of Internal Medicine , 19 : 415 – 426 .
   Google Scholar
• Higher Institute of Physical Education . 1982 . Institut supérieur d'Education physique de l'Université de Liège: 50eme anniversaire, Mars 1982 [Higher Institute for Physical Education of the Université de Liège: 50th anniversary, Mars 1982] , Liège, Belgium : Université de Liège .
   Google Scholar
• Horvath , S. and Horvath , E. 1973 . The Harvard Lab: Its history and contributions , New York : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Illjushin , O. V. and Abzalov , R. A. 2003 . Change of parameters of blood circulatory volume in students after performance of Harvard Step Test . Teoria i Praktika Fiziceskoj Kul'tury , 1 : 48 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Ivy , J. L. 2007 . Exercise physiology: A brief history and recommendations regarding content requirements for the kinesiology major . Quest , 59 : 34 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jable , J. T. 2006 . The American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education, 1940–1984: Innovation, introspection, identity and involvement . Quest , 58 : 20 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. , Brouha , L. and Darling , R. C. 1942 . A test of physical fitness for strenuous exertion . Revue Canadienne de Biologie , 1 : 491 – 503 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. , Brouha , L. and Gallagher , R. 1943 . The use of the Step Test in the evaluation of the fitness of adolescents . Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine , 15 : 781 – 785 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jung , F. T. 1951 . The measurement of physical fitness as a problem in physical medicine . Archives of Physical Medicine , 32 : 327 – 333 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karpovich, P. V. (1934, November 15). [Letter to D.B. Dill]. Henderson Papers (Box 3, Folder 52), Archives of the Harvard Business School, Baker Library, Cambridge, MA
   Google Scholar
• Karpovich , P. V. 1943, August 5 . A comparative study of the Behnke and the Harvard Step-Up Tests of Physical Fitness . School of Aviation Medicine Project , 148, Report no. 1
   Google Scholar
• Karpovich , P. V. , Starr , M. P. , Kimbro , R. W. , Stoll , C. G. and Weiss , R. A. 1946 . Physical reconditioning after rheumatic fever . Journal of the American Medical Association , 130 : 1198 – 1203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keen , E. N. and Sloan , A. W. 1958 . Observations on the Harvard Step Test . Journal of Applied Physiology , 13 : 241 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labban , J. D. and Etnier , J. L. 2011 . Effects of acute exercise on long-term memory . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 82 : 712 – 721 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefèvre , J. , Beunen , G. , Borms , J. and Renson , R. 1993 . Eurofit testbatterij: Leidraad bij de testafneming en referentiewaarden [Eurofit Test Battery: Manual for the test procedure and reference values] , Brussels, Belgium : Bloso .
   Google Scholar
• Limbosch , J. 1945 . Mesure de la résistance physique [Measurement of the physical resistance] . Travaux de la Société Médicale Belge d'Education Physique et de Sports , 1 : 41 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Malmejac , J. , Dugue , D. and Voison , P. 1948 . Sur quelques résultats concernant le step-test (test de l'escalier). Epreuves d'aptitudes physique et cardiaque à l'effort [About some results of the Step Test. Tests of physical and cardiac responses to physical effort] . La Médecine Aéronautique , 3 ( 1 ) : 45 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• McArdle , W. D. , Katch , F. I. and Katch , V. L. 2007 . Exercise physiology: Energy, nutrition, & human performance , 6th ed. , Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• McCurdy , J. H. and Larson , L. A. 1935 . The measurement of organic efficiency for the prediction of physical condition in convalescent patients . Research Quarterly , 6 : 78 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Merklen , L. , Grandpierre , R. and Guillaume , L. 1947 . Les épreuves d'aptitude cardiaque à l'effort [Tests of cardiac response to physical effort] . La Médecine Aéronautique , 2 : 342 – 352 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyers , C. R. and Blesh , T. E. 1962 . Measurement in physical education , New York : Ronald Press .
   Google Scholar
• Montoye , H. J. 1953 . The Harvard Step Test and work capacity . Revue Canadienne de Biologie , 11 : 491 – 499 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrow , D. and Wamsley , K. B. 2010 . Sport in Canada: A history , 2nd ed. , Don Mills, ON, Canada : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ostyn , M. , Willems , E. and Dewaele , M. 1967 . La pression artérielle diastolique après effort Physique [The diastolic blood pressure following a physical effort] . Travaux de la Société Médicale Belge d'Education Physique et de Sports , 19 : 76 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Ostyn , M. , Willems , E. , Stijns , H. and Le , P. H. 1961 . sanguine durant la période de récupération après effort physique [The blood PH during the recovery period following a physical effort] . Travaux de la Société Médicale Belge d'Education Physique et de Sports , 14 : 44 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Park , R. J. 1992 . The rise and demise of Harvard's B.S. program in Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training: A case of conflicts of interest and scarce resources . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 63 : 246 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyer , K. , Pivarnik , J. M. and Coe , D. P. 2011 . The relationship among HRpeak, RERpeak, and VO2peak during treadmill testing in girls . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 82 : 685 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers , S. K. and Howley , E. T. 1997 . Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance , London : Brown & Benchmark .
   Google Scholar
• Prentiss, R. G. (1942, December 24). [Letter to W.H. Forbes]. HFL Records (Series 1, Box 1, Folder 6), Archives of the Harvard Medical School, Countway Library, Cambridge, MA
   Google Scholar
• Reingold , N. 1981 . Refugee mathematicians in the United States, 1933–1941: Reception and reaction . Annals of Science , 38 : 313 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rider , R. E. 1984 . Alarm and opportunity: Emigration of mathematicians and physicists to Britain and the United States, 1933–1945 . Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences , 15 : 107 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Romedenne, J. (1951). Step-test (Unpublished master's thesis). KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
   Google Scholar
• Royal Air Force . 1936 . The medical examination for fitness for flying , London : His Majesty's Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Ryhming , I. 1954 . A modified Harvard Step-Up Test for the evaluation of physical fitness . Arbeitsphysiologie , 15 : 235 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , E. C. and Truesdell , D. 1923 . Daily variations in cardio-vascular conditions and a physical efficiency rating . American Journal of Physiology , 67 : 193 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Segers, E., De objectieve waarde van de step-test [The objective value of the Step Test] (Unpublished master's thesis). KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
   Google Scholar
• Seltzer , C. C. and Brouha , L. 1943 . The masculine component and physical fitness . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 1 : 95 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , S. R. 1994 . Encyclopaedia of sports health and physical education , Vol. 2 , New Delhi, India : Mittal Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Simons , J. and Van Laer , L. 1964 . Studie over het verband tussen enkele atletiekproeven en “physical fitness”-tests [Study on the relationship between some athletic tests and “physical fitness” tests] . Werken van de Belgische Geneeskundige Vereniging voor Lichamelijke Opvoeding en Sport , 17 : 25 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Skubic , V. and Hodgkins , J. 1963 . Cardiovascular efficiency test for girls and women . Research Quarterly , 34 : 191 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow , C. P. 1959 . The two cultures , London : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Soete , M. and Ostyn , M. 1955a . Le contrôle medico-sportif [The sports medical control] . Revue Médical Louvain , 15 : 257 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Soete , M. and Ostyn , M. 1955b . Le contrôle medico-sportif [The sports medical control] . Revue Médical Louvain , 16 : 233 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Taddonio , D. A. and Karpovich , P. V. 1951 . The Harvard Step Test as a measure of endurance in running . Research Quarterly , 22 : 381 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , C. 1944 . A maximal pack test of exercise tolerances . Research Quarterly , 15 : 291 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Tipton , C. M. 2003 . Exercise physiology. People and ideas , Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tuttle , W. W. 1930 . The efficiency rating of high school boys by the pulse ratio test . Research Quarterly , 1 ( 3 ) : 19 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Tuttle , W. W. 1931 . The use of the pulse ratio test for rating physical efficiency . Research Quarterly , 2 ( 2 ) : 15 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitfield, R. H. (1942, November 17). [Letter to D.B. Dill]. HFL Records (Series 1, Box 1, Folder 6), Archives of the Harvard Medical School, Countway Library, Cambridge, MA
   Google Scholar
• Woods , W. L. , Brouha , L. and Seltzer , C. C. 1943 . Selections of officer candidates , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wrynn , A. 2003 . Contesting the canon: Understanding the history of the evolving discipline of kinesiology . Quest , 55 : 244 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar