Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions for Preschoolers: A Meta-Analysis

References

• References marked with an asterisk (*) indicate studies included in the meta-analysis
   Google Scholar
• Abbott , R. A. and Davies , P. S. W. 2004 . Habitual physical activity and physical activity intensity: Their relation to body composition in 5.0–10.5-y-old children . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 58 : 285 – 291 . doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Alhassan , S. , Sirard , J. R. and Robinson , T. N. 2007 . The effects of increasing outdoor play time on physical activity in Latino preschool children . International Journal of Pediatric Obesity , 2 : 153 – 158 . doi:10.1080/17477160701520108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing . 2010 . Physical activity recommendations for children 0–5 years , Woden, ACT, Australia : Author . Retrieved February 6, 2012, from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines#rec_0_5
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , R. C. , Olson , J. , Pepper , S. L. , Porszasz , J. , Barstow , T. J. and Cooper , D. M. 1995 . The level and tempo of children's physical activities: An observational study . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 27 : 1033 – 1041 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranowski , T. , Thompson , W. O. , DuRant , R. H. , Baranowski , J. and Puhl , J. 1993 . Observations on physical activity in physical locations: Age, gender, ethnicity, and month effects . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 64 : 127 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Benjamin , S. E. , Ammerman , A. , Sommers , J. , Dodds , J. , Neelon , B. and Ward , D. S. 2007 . Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (NAP SACC): Results from a pilot intervention . Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior , 39 : 142 – 149 . doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2006.08.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin , S. E. , Cradock , A. , Walker , E. M. , Slining , M. and Gillman , M. W. 2008 . Obesity prevention in child care: A review of U.S. state regulations . BMC Public Health , 8 : 188 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Boles , R. E. , Scharf , C. and Stark , L. J. 2010 . Developing a treatment program for obesity in preschool-age children: Preliminary data . Children's Health Care , 39 : 34 – 58 . doi:10.1080/02739610903455137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein , M. , Hedges , L. , Higgins , J. and Rothstein , H. 2005 . “ Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) [Computer software] ” . Englewood, NJ : Biostat . Retrieved December 3, 2010, from http://www.meta-analysis.com/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Burdette , H. L. , Whitaker , R. C. and Daniels , S. R. 2004 . Parental report of outdoor playtime as a measure of physical activity in preschool-aged children . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 158 : 353 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cardon , G. , Labarque , V. , Smits , D. and De Bourdeaudhuij , I. 2009 . Promoting physical activity at the pre-school playground: The effects of providing markings and play equipment . Preventive Medicine , 48 : 335 – 340 . doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.02.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . “ Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences ” . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• *Cottrell , L. , Spangler-Murphy , E. , Minor , V. , Downes , A. , Nicholson , P. and Neal , W. A. 2005 . A kindergarten cardiovascular risk surveillance study: CARDIAC-Kinder . American Journal of Health Behavior , 29 : 595 – 606 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels , S. R. 2006 . The consequences of childhood overweight and obesity . The Future of Children , 16 ( 1 ) : 47 – 67 . doi:10.1353/foc.2006.0004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowda , M. , Pate , R. R. , Trost , S. G. , Almeida , M. J. C. and Sirard , J. R. 2004 . Influences of preschool policies and practices on children's physical activity . Journal of Community Health , 29 : 183 – 196 . doi:10.1023/B:JOHE.0000022025.77294.a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Eliakim , A. , Nemet , D. , Balakirski , Y. and Epstein , Y. 2007 . The effects of nutritional–physical activity school-based intervention on fatness and fitness in preschool children . Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism , 20 : 711 – 717 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , A. P. 2001 . Meta-analysis of correlation coefficients: A Monte Carlo comparison of fixed- and random-effects methods . Psychological Methods , 6 : 161 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Fitzgibbon , M. L. , Stolley , M. R. , Schiffer , L. , Van Horn , L. , Kaufer Christoffel , K. and Dyer , A. 2005 . Two-year follow-up results for Hip-Hop to Health Jr.: A randomized controlled trial for overweight prevention in preschool minority children . Journal of Pediatrics , 146 : 618 – 625 . doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.12.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Fitzgibbon , M. L. , Stolley , M. R. , Schiffer , L. , Van Horn , L. , Kaufer Christoffel , K. and Dyer , A. 2006 . Hip-Hop to Health Jr. for Latino preschool children . Obesity , 14 : 1616 – 1625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hannon , J. C. and Brown , B. B. 2008 . Increasing preschoolers physical activity intensities: An activity-friendly preschool playground intervention . Preventive Medicine , 46 : 532 – 536 . doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges , L. V. 1981 . Distribution theory for Glass's estimator of effect size and related estimators . Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics , 6 : 107 – 128 . doi:10.3102/10769986006002107
   Google Scholar
• Hedges , L. V. 1982 . Estimation of effect size from a series of independent experiments . Psychological Bulletin , 92 : 490 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges , L. V. and Olkin , I. 1985 . Statistical methods for meta-analysis , New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Hinkley , T. , Crawford , D. , Salmon , J. , Okely , A. D. and Hesketh , K. 2008 . Preschool children and physical activity—A review of correlates . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 34 : 435 – 441 . doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , J. E. and Schmidt , F. L. 2000 . Fixed effects vs. random effects meta-analysis models: Implications for cumulative research knowledge in psychology . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 8 : 275 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janz , K. F. , Burns , T. L. and Levy , S. M. 2005 . Tracking of activity and sedentary behaviors in childhood: The Iowa Bone Development Study . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 29 : 171 – 178 . doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janz , K. F. , Letuchy , E. M. , Eichenberger Gilmore , J. M. , Burns , T. L. , Torner , J. C. , Willing , M. C. and Levy , S. M. 2010 . Early physical activity provides sustained bone health benefits later in childhood . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 42 : 1072 – 1078 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Jones , R. A. , Riethmuller , A. , Heskethm , K. , Trezise , J. , Batterham , M. and Okely , A. 2011 . Promoting fundamental movement skill development and physical activity in early childhood settings: A cluster randomized controlled trial . Pediatric Exercise Science , 23 : 600 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus , B. H. , Dubbert , P. M. , Forsythe , L. H. , McKenzie , T. L. , Stone , E. J. , Dunn , A. L. and Blair , S. 2000 . Physical activity behavior change: Issues in adoption and maintenance . Health Psychology , 19 : 32 – 41 . doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.Suppl1.32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *McGarvey , E. , Keller , A. , Forrester , M. , Williams , E. , Seward , D. and Suttle , D. 2004 . Feasibility and benefits of a parent-focused preschool child obesity intervention . American Journal of Public Health , 94 : 1490 – 1495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie , T. L. , Sallis , J. F. , Nader , P. R. , Broyles , S. L. and Nelson , J. A. 1992 . Anglo- and Mexican-American preschoolers at home and at recess: Activity patterns and environmental influences . Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 13 : 173 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan , G. M. , Brimhall , D. and West , J. 2005 . Child care and early education arrangements of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers: 2001 (NCES 2006-039). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• National Association for Sport and Physical Education . 2002 . Active start: A statement of physical activity guidelines for children birth to 5 years , Oxon Hill, MD : AAHPERD Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Obeid , J. , Nguyen , T. , Gabel , L. and Timmons , B. W. 2011 . Physical activity in Ontario preschoolers: Prevalence and measurement issues . Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism , 36 : 291 – 297 . doi:10.1139/h11-002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Parish , L. E. , Rudisill , M. E. and St. Onge , P. M. 2007 . Mastery motivational climate: Influence on physical play and heart rate in African American toddlers . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 78 : 171 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pate , R. R. , Baranowski , T. , Dowda , M. and Trost , S. G. 1996 . Tracking of physical activity in young children . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 28 : 92 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly , J. J. 2005 . Descriptive epidemiology and health consequences of childhood obesity . Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , 19 : 327 – 341 . doi:10.1016/j.beem.2005.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Reilly , J. J. , Kelly , L. , Montgomery , C. , Williamson , A. , Fisher , A. , McColl , J. and … Grant , S. 2006 . Physical activity to prevent obesity in young children: Cluster randomised controlled trial . British Medical Journal , 333 : 1041 – 1045 . doi:10.1136/bmj.38979.623773.55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. 1979 . The ‘file drawer problem’ and tolerance for null results . Psychological Bulletin , 86 : 638 – 641 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scargle , J. D. 2000 . Publication bias: The ‘file-drawer’ problem in scientific inference . Journal of Scientific Exploration , 14 : 91 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Start active, stay active: A report on physical activity for health from the four home countries' chief medical officers. (2011). London, UK: Department of Health. Retrieved February 6, 2012, from http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216370/dh_128210.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Strong , W. B. , Malina , R. M. , Blimkie , C. J. R. , Daniels , S. R. , Dishman , R. K. , Gutin , B. and … Trudeau , F. 2005 . Evidence-based physical activity for school-aged youth . Journal of Pediatrics , 146 : 732 – 737 . doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturm , R. 2005 . Childhood obesity—what we can learn from existing data on societal trends, Part 1 . Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy , 2 : A12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Temple , V. A. , Naylor , P. J. , Rhodes , R. E. and Higgins , J. W. 2009 . Physical activity of children in family child care . Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism , 34 : 794 – 798 . doi:10.1139/H09-061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , J. R. and French , K. E. 1986 . The use of meta-analysis in exercise and sport: A tutorial . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 57 : 196 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmons , B. W. , Naylor , P. J. and Pfeiffer , K. A. 2007 . Physical activity for preschool children—How much and how? . Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism , 32 ( Suppl .2E ) : S122 – S134 . doi:10.1139/H07-112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay , M. S. , LeBlanc , A. G. , Carson , V. , Choquette , L. , Connor Gorber , S. , Dillman , C. and … Timmons , B. W. 2012 . Canadian physical activity guidelines for the early years (aged 0–4 years) . Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism , 37 : 345 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Trost , S. G. , Fees , B. and Dzewaltowski , D. 2008 . Feasibility and efficacy of a ‘move and learn’ physical activity curriculum in preschool children . Journal of Physical Activity and Health , 5 : 88 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker , P. 2008 . The physical activity level of preschool-aged children: A systematic review . Early Childhood Research Quarterly , 23 : 547 – 558 . doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2008.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker , P. and Irwin , J. D. 2010 . Physical activity behaviors during the preschool years . Child Health & Education , 2 : 60 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , P. , Irwin , J. D. , Sangster Bouck , L. M. , He , M. and Pollett , G. 2006 . Preventing paediatric obesity; recommendations from a community-based qualitative investigation . Obesity Reviews , 7 : 251 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker , P. , van Zandvoort , M. , Burke , S. M. and Irwin , J. D. 2011 . Physical activity at daycare: Childcare providers' perspectives for improvements . Journal of Early Childhood Research , 9 : 211 – 223 . doi:10.1177/1476718X10389144
   Google Scholar
• Ward , D. S. 2010 . Physical activity in young children: The role of child care . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 42 : 499 – 501 . doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ce9f85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Ward , D. S. , Benjamin , S. E. , Ammerman , A. S. , Ball , S. C. , Neelon , B. H. and Bangdiwala , S. I. 2008 . Nutrition and physical activity in child care: Results from an environmental intervention . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 35 : 352 – 356 . doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar