Before-School Running/Walking Club and Student Physical Activity Levels: An Efficacy Study

References

• Abbott, R. A., & Davies, P. S. W. (2004). Habitual physical activity and physical activity intensity: Their relation to body composition in 5.0–10.5-y-old children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58, 285–291. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott, R. A., Straker, L. M., & Mathiassen, S. E. (2013). Patterning of children's sedentary time at and away from school. Obesity, 21, E131–E133. doi:10.1002/oby.20127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, M. A., Johnson, W. D., & Tudor-Locke, C. E. (2013). Steps/day translation of the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity guideline for children and adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 49, doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman, B. L., Benham-Deal, T., Beighle, A., Erwin, H. E., & Olson, R. L. (2012). Physical education's contribution to daily physical activity among middle school youth. Pediatric Exercise Science, 24, 634–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow, D. H., & Hersen, M. (1984). Alternating treatments design. In D. H. Barlow & M. Hensen (Eds.), Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change (pp. 252–284). New York, NY: Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• Brusseau, T. A., & Hannon, J. C. (2013). Expected step counts of youth at school: A review. Sport Science Review, 22, 329–342. doi:10.2478/ssr-2013-0016.
   Google Scholar
• Center on Education Policy. (2007). Choices, changes, and challenges: Curriculum and instruction in the NCLB era. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Comprehensive school physical activity programs: A guide for schools. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2007). Applied behavior analysis (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Dale, D., Corbin, C. B., & Dale, K. S. (2000). Restricting opportunities to be active during school time: Do children compensate by increasing physical activity levels after school? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 240–248. doi:10.1080/02701367.2000.10608904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erwin, H., Abel, M., Beighle, A., Noland, M. P., Worley, B., & Riggs, R. (2012). The contribution of recess to children's school-day physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 9, 442–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foshay, J. D., & Patterson, M. (2010). The effects of running club membership on fourth graders' achievement of Connecticut state standard for the mile run. Physical Educator, 67, 197–203.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, T. L., Brusseau, T., Kulinna, P. H., McClain, J. J., & Tudor-Locke, C. (2011). Evaluation of low-cost, objective instruments for assessing physical activity in 10-11-year-old children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82, 600–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. (2013). Educating the student body: Taking physical activity and physical education to school. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 40. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambiase, M. J., Barry, H. M., & Roemmich, J. N. (2010). Effect of a simulated active commute to school on cardiovascular stress reactivity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42, 1609–1616. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d0c77b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, M. W., Sobol, A. M., Cradock, A. L., Subramanian, S. V., Blendon, R., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2013). School-day and overall physical activity among youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45, 150–157. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.03.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahar, M. T., Vuchenich, M. L., Golden, J., DuBose, K. D., & Raedeke, T. D. (2011). Effects of a before-school physical activity program on physical activity and on-task behavior [Abstract]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(Suppl. 1), 24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie, T. L., Crespo, N. C., Baquero, B., & Elder, J. P. (2010). Leisure-time physical activity in elementary schools: Analysis of contextual conditions. Journal of School Health, 80, 470–477. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00530.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie, T. L., Marshall, S. J., Sallis, J. F., & Conway, T. L. (2000). Leisure-time physical activity in school environments: An observational study using SOPLAY. Preventive Medicine, 30, 70–77. doi:10.1006/pmed.1999.0591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, C. F., Beighle, A., & Pangrazi, R. P. (2007). What are the contributory and compensatory relationships between physical education and physical activity in children? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 407–412. doi:10.1080/02701367.2007.10599440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association for Sport and Physical Education. (2012). Comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP) policy continuum. Reston, VA: Author. Retrieved from http://www.shapeamerica.org/advocacy/upload/CSPAP-Policy-Continuum-2-10-12final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ratliffe, T., & Bostick, A. (2001). Encouraging physical activity beyond class time: Running and walking clubs. Teaching Elementary Physical Education, 12, 24–26.
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rowland, T. W. (1998). The biological basis of physical activity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30, 392–399. doi:10.1097/00005768-199803000-00009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnohr, P., Marott, J. L., Lange, P., & Jensen, G. B. (2013). Longevity in male and female joggers: The Copenhagen City Heart Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 177, 683–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stylianou, M., Kulinna, P. H., & Kloeppel, T. (2014). Healthy living initiative: Running/walking club. The Physical Educator, 71, 157–184.
   Google Scholar
• Stylianou, M., Kulinna, P. H., van der Mars, H., Mahar, M. T., Adams, M. A., & Amazeen, E. (2016). Before-school running/walking club: Effects on student on-task behavior. Preventive Medicine Reports, 3, 196–202. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.01.010.
   Google Scholar
• Troiano, R. P., Berrigan, D., Dodd, K. W., Mâsse, L. C., Tilert, T., & McDowell, M. (2008). Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40, 181–188. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a51b3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudor-Locke, C., Lee, S. M., Morgan, C. F., Beighle, A., & Pangrazi, R. P. (2006). Children's pedometer-determined physical activity during the segmented school day. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38, 1732–1738. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000230212.55119.98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, L., Johnson, T. G., Slater, S. J., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2014). Physical activity practices in elementary schools and associations with physical education staffing and training. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 85, 488–501. doi:10.1080/02701367.2014.961053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2008). 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Xiang, P., McBride, R. E., & Bruene, A. (2006). Fourth-grade students' motivational changes in an elementary physical education running program. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 77, 195–207. doi:10.1080/02701367.2006.1059935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar