The Effect of Gradual Self-Control of Task Difficulty and Feedback on Learning Golf Putting

References

• Akizuki, K., & Ohashi, Y. (2015). Measurement of functional task difficulty during motor learning: What level of difficulty corresponds to the optimal challenge point? Human Movement Science, 43, 107–117. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrieux, M., Boutin, A., & Thon, B. (2016). Self-control of task difficulty during early practice promotes motor skill learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 48(1), 57–65. doi:10.1080/00222895.2015.1037879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrieux, M., Danna, J., & Thon, B. (2012). Self-control of task difficulty during training enhances motor learning of a complex coincidence-anticipation task. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83(1), 27–35. doi:10.1080/02701367.2012.10599822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brydges, R., Carnahan, H., Rose, D., & Dubrowski, A. (2010). Comparing self‐guided learning and educator‐guided learning formats for simulation‐based clinical training. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(8), 1832–1844. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05338.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiviacowsky, S., & Wulf, G. (2002). Self-controlled feedback: Does it enhance learning because performers get feedback when they need it? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73(4), 408–415. doi:10.1080/02701367.2002.10609040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiviacowsky, S., & Wulf, G. (2005). Self-controlled feedback is effective if it is based on the learner’s performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76(1), 42–48. doi:10.1080/02701367.2005.10599260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbrother, J. T., Laughlin, D. D., & Nguyen, T. V. (2012). Self-controlled feedback facilitates motor learning in both high and low activity individuals. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 323. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grand, K. F., Bruzi, A. T., Dyke, F. B., Godwin, M. M., Leiker, A. M., Thompson, A. G., … Miller, M. W. (2015). Why self-controlled feedback enhances motor learning: Answers from electroencephalography and indices of motivation. Human Movement Science, 43, 23–32. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.06.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guadagnoli, M. A., & Lee, T. D. (2004). Challenge point: A framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 36(2), 212–224. doi:10.3200/JMBR.36.2.212-224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman, J. M. (2007). Self-controlled use of a perceived physical assistance device during a balancing task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104(3), 1005–1016. doi:10.2466/pms.104.3.1005-1016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemayattalab, R. (2014). Effects of self-control and instructor-control feedback on motor learning in individuals with cerebral palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(11), 2766–2772. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges, N. J., Edwards, C., Luttin, S., & Bowcock, A. (2011). Learning from the experts: Gaining insights into best practice during the acquisition of three novel motor skills. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(2), 178–187. doi:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janelle, C. M., Barba, D. A., Frehlich, S. G., Tennant, L. K., & Cauraugh, J. H. (1997). Maximizing performance feedback effectiveness through videotape replay and a self-controlled learning environment. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 68(4), 269–279. doi:10.1080/02701367.1997.10608008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janelle, C. M., Kim, J., & Singer, R. N. (1995). Subject-controlled performance feedback and learning of a closed motor skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81(2), 627–634. doi:10.2466/pms.1995.81.2.627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowett, N., LeBlanc, V., Xeroulis, G., MacRae, H., & Dubrowski, A. (2007). Surgical skill acquisition with self-directed practice using computer-based video training. The American Journal of Surgery, 193(2), 237–242. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (1989). Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(4), 657. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keetch, K. M., & Lee, T. D. (2007). The effect of self-regulated and experimenter-imposed practice schedules on motor learning for tasks of varying difficulty. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78(5), 476–486. doi:10.1080/02701367.2007.10599447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessa, H. T., & Chiviacowsky, S. (2015). Self-controlled practice benefits motor learning in older adults. Human Movement Science, 40, 372–380. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magill, R. (2011). Motor control and learning: Concepts and applications (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Magill, R., & Anderson, D. (2014). Motor control and learning: Concepts and applications (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, J. P., Masters, R. S. W., Kerr, E., & Weedon, E. (2001). The implicit benefit of learning without errors. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 54(4), 1049–1068. doi:10.1080/713756014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, J. T., Carter, M. J., & Hansen, S. (2013). Self-controlled KR schedules: Does repetition order matter? Human Movement Science, 32(4), 567–579. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2013.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, J. T., Carter, M., & Sanli, E. (2011). Decreasing the proportion of self-control trials during the acquisition period does not compromise the learning advantages in a self-controlled context. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(4), 624–633. doi:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poolton, J. M., Masters, R. S. W., & Maxwell, J. P. (2005). The relationship between initial errorless learning conditions and subsequent performance. Human Movement Science, 24(3), 362–378. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2005.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, J. M., Landin, D., Hebert, E. P., & Baum, B. (2007). The effects of three levels of contextual interference on performance outcomes and movement patterns in golf skills. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2(3), 243–255. doi:10.1260/174795407782233100
   Google Scholar
• Post, P. G., Fairbrother, J. T., & Barros, J. A. (2011). Self-controlled amount of practice benefits learning of a motor skill. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(3), 474–481. doi:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, R., & Lee, T. (2013). Motor learning and performance, 5E with web study guide: From principles to application. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, R. A. (1975). A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 82(4), 225. doi:10.1037/h0076770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., Chiviacowsky, S., & Drews, R. (2015). External focus and autonomy support: Two important factors in motor learning have additive benefits. Human Movement Science, 40, 176–184. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2014.11.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., Clauss, A., Shea, C. H., & Whitacre, C. A. (2001). Benefits of self-control in dyad practice. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(3), 299–303. doi:10.1080/02701367.2001.10608964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., Shea, C., & Lewthwaite, R. (2010). Motor skill learning and performance: A review of influential factors. Medical Education, 44(1), 75–84. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03421.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., & Toole, T. (1999). Physical assistance devices in complex motor skill learning: Benefits of a self-controlled practice schedule. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70(3), 265–272. doi:10.1080/02701367.1999.10608045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar