Ice Massage on the Calf Improves 4-km Running Time Trial Performance in a Normothermic Environment

References

• Adamczyk, J. G., Krasowska, I., Boguszewski, D., & Reaburn, P. (2016). The use of thermal imaging to assess the effectiveness of ice massage and cold-water immersion as methods for supporting post-exercise recovery. Journal of Thermal Biology, 60, 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algafly, A. A., & George, K. P. (2007). The effect of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(6), 365–369. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.031237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astokorki, A. H. Y., & Mauger, A. R. (2017a). Tolerance of exercise-induced pain at a fixed rating of perceived exertion predicts time trial cycling performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(3), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astokorki, A. H. Y., & Mauger, A. R. (2017b). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces exercise-induced perceived pain and improves endurance exercise performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(3), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3532-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg, G. A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 14(5), 377–381. https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Abstract/1982/05000/Psychophysical_bases_of_perceived_exertion.12.aspx
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brietzke, C., Asano, R. Y., De Russi de Lima, F., Pinheiro, F. A., Franco-Alvarenga, P. E., Ugrinowitsch, C., & Pires, F. O. (2017). Caffeine effects on VO2max test outcomes investigated by a placebo perceived-as-caffeine design. Nutrition and Health, 23(4), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0260106017723547
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brietzke, C., Franco-Alvarenga, P. E., Canestri, R., Goethel, M. F., Vínicius, Í., Painelli, V. S., Santos, T. M., Hettinga, F. J., & Pires, F. O. (2020). Carbohydrate mouth rinse mitigates mental fatigue effects on maximal incremental test performance, but not in cortical alterations. Brain Sciences, 10(8), Article 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10080493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, M. J., Clark, B., Welvaert, M., Skorski, S., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., Saunders, P., & Thompson, K. G. (2016). Effect of environmental and feedback interventions on pacing profiles in cycling: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, Article 591. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eijsvogels, T. M. H., Bongers, C. C. W. G., Veltmeijer, M. T. W., Moen, M. H., & Hopman, M. (2014). Cooling during exercise in temperate conditions: Impact on performance and thermoregulation. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(10), 840–846. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1368723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellingsen, D. M., Wessberg, J., Eikemo, M., Liljencrantz, J., Endestad, T., Olausson, H., & Leknes, S. (2013). Placebo improves pleasure and pain through opposite modulation of sensory processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(44), 17993–17998. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305050110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felippe, L. C., Ferreira, G. A., Learsi, S. K., Boari, D., Bertuzzi, R., & Lima-Silva, A. E. (2018). Caffeine increases both total work performed above critical power and peripheral fatigue during a 4-km cycling time trial. Journal of Applied Physiology, 124(6), 1491–1501. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00930.2017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finniss, D. G., Kaptchuk, T. J., Miller, F., & Benedetti, F. (2010). Biological, clinical, and ethical advances of placebo effects. Lancet, 375(9715), 686–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61706-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco-Alvarenga, P. E., Brietzke, C., Canestri, R., Goethel, M. F., Hettinga, F., Santos, T. M., & Pires, F. O. (2019). Caffeine improved cycling trial performance in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of alterations in prefrontal cortex activation. Physiology & Behavior, 204, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera, E., Sandoval, M. C., Camargo, D. M., & Salvini, T. F. (2010). Motor and sensory nerve conduction are affected differently by ice pack, ice massage, and cold water immersion. Physical Therapy, 90(4), 581–591. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohenauer, E., Cescon, C., Deliens, T., Clarys, P., & Clijsen, R. (2017). The effect of local skin cooling before a sustained, submaximal isometric contraction on fatigue and isometric quadriceps femoris performance: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Thermal Biology, 65, 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.02.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, W. G. (2000). Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Medicine, 30(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200030010-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst, P., & Board, L. (2017). Reliability of 5-km running performance in a competitive environment. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 21(1), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2016.1233421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen, P. B., Francis, G. T., Abbiss, C. R., Newton, M. J., & Nosaka, K. (2007). Reliability of time-to-exhaustion versus time-trial running tests in runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(8), 1374–1379. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010f5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maia-Lima, A., Ramos, G. P., Moraes, M. M., Pacheco, D. A., de Oliveira, G. G., de Barros, C. L., Prado, L. S., & Garcia, E. S. (2017). Effects of precooling on 30-km cycling performance and pacing in hot and temperate environments. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(1), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-113465
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mauger, A. R. (2014). Factors affecting the regulation of pacing: Current perspectives. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 5, 209–214. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S38599
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mauger, A. R., Jones, A. M., & Williams, C. A. (2010). Influence of Acetaminophen on performance during time trial cycling. Journal of Applied Physiology, 108(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00761.2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauger, A. R., Taylor, L., Harding, C., Wright, B., Foster, J., & Castle, P. C. (2014). Acute acetaminophen (paracetamol) ingestion improves time to exhaustion during exercise in the heat. Experimental Physiology, 99(1), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2013.075275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, P. J., & Cook, D. B. (1999). Exercise and pain: The neurobiology, measurement, and laboratory study of pain in relation to exercise in humans. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 27(1), 119–166. https://journals.lww.com/acsm-essr/Citation/1999/00270/5_Exercise_and_Pain__The_Neurobiology.7.aspx
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pageaux, B. (2016). Perception of effort in exercise science: definition, measurement and perspectives. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(8), 885–894. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1188992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires, F. O., Dos Anjos, C., Covolan, R., Fontes, E. B., Noakes, T. D., St Clair Gibson, A., Magalhães, F. H., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2018). Caffeine and placebo improved maximal exercise performance despite unchanged motor cortex activation and greater prefrontal cortex deoxygenation. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, Article 1144. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall, C. A., Ross, E. Z., & Maxwell, N. S. (2015). Effect of practical precooling on neuromuscular function and 5-km time-trial performance in hot, humid conditions among well-trained male runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(7), 1925–1936. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, T., & Baxter, C. (1983). Influence of time of day on reactions to cycling at a fixed high intensity. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 17(2), 128–130. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.17.2.128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richards, J., Gechev, A., Alexander, J., Macedo, L., May, K. A., & Lindley, S. B. (2021). The effect of local cooling at the elbow on nerve conduction velocity and motor unit behaviour: An exploration of a novel neurological assessment. Sensors, 21(20), Article 6703. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206703
   Google Scholar
• Ross, M., Abbiss, C., Laursen, P., Martin, D., & Burke, L. (2013). Precooling methods and their effects on athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 43(3), 207–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-012-0014-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. A., Micklewright, D., Winter, S. L., & Mauger, A. R. (2020). Muscle pain induced by hypertonic saline in the knee extensors decreases single-limb isometric time to task failure. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(9), 2047–2058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04425-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, C. J., Hacene, J., Sculley, D. V., Taylor, L., Callister, R., & Dascombe, B. (2015). The reliability of running performance in a 5 km time trial on a non-motorized treadmill. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(9), 705–709. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1398680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, C. J., Kittel, A., Sculley, D. V., Callister, R., Taylor, L., & Dascombe, B. J. (2017). Running performance in the heat is improved by similar magnitude with pre-exercise cold-water immersion and mid-exercise facial water spray. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(8), 798–805. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1192294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, C. J., Mauger, A. R., Hassmèn, P., & Taylor, L. (2018). Endurance performance is influenced by perceptions of pain and temperature: Theory, applications and safety considerations. Sports Medicine, 48(3), 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0852-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, R., & Noakes, T. D. (2009). The physiological regulation of pacing strategy during exercise: A critical review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(6), e1. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.057562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, E., Babar, A., Choudhary, M., Kutner, M., & Pyrsopoulos, N. (2016). Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: A comprehensive update. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology, 4(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2015.00052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar