Too little, too late?: Can an integrated empathy-building intervention shift gero-attitudes for undergraduates in an online course?

References

• Allan, L. J., & Johnson, J. A. (2009). Undergraduate attitudes toward the elderly: The role of knowledge, contact and aging anxiety. Educational Gerontology, 35(1), 1–14. doi:10.1080/03601270802299780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Counseling Association. (2014). ACA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M., & Perrin, A. (2017). Technology use among seniors. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center for Internet & Technology. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/05/17/technology-use-among-seniors/
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, S. W. (2018). The game of ‘I am’: Enhancing empathy and improving attitudes toward older adults in first-year master’s students training to become counselors and student support professionals [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10747965
   Google Scholar
• Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 230–244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels, S. J., & Naslund, J. A. (2013). The underside of the silver tsunami: Older adults and mental health care. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(6), 493–496. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1002530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodner, E., & Cohen-Fridel, S. (2014). The paths leading from attachment to ageism: A structural equation model approach. Death Studies, 38(6–10), 423–429. doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.766654
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bossaller, J. S. (2016). Service learning as innovative pedagogy in online learning. Education for Information, 32(1), 35–53. doi:10.3233/EFI-150962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, L. E., & Strommen, J. (2018). Training younger volunteers to promote technology use among older adults. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 46(3), 297–313. doi:10.1111/fcsr.12254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnes, D., Sheppard, C., Henderson, C. R., Jr, Wassel, M., Cope, R., Barber, C., & Pillemer, K. (2019). Interventions to reduce ageism against older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 109(8), e1–e9. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, H., Pak, S., & Sleeter, C. (2018). Multicultural education: Using our past to build our future. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 20(1), 1–4. doi:10.18251/ijme.v20i1.1675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chonody, J. M., & Wang, D. (2014). Predicting social work students’ interest in gerontology: Results from an international sample. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 57(8), 773–789. doi:10.1080/01634372.2014.888605
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christian, J., Turner, R., Holt, N., Larkin, M., & Cotler, J. H. (2014). Does intergenerational contact reduce ageism? When and how contact interventions actually work? Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3(1), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, V., Braun, V., & Hayfield, N. (2015). Thematic analysis. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (3rd ed., pp. 222–248). London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Colby, S. L., & Ortman, J. M. (2015). Projections of the size and composition of the U.S. population reports, P25-1143. U.S. Census Bureau. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED578934.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cypress, B. S. (2017). Rigor or reliability and validity in qualitative research: Perspectives, strategies, reconceptualization, and recommendations. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 36(4), 253–263. doi:10.1097/DCC.0000000000000253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraboni, M., Saltstone, R., & Hughes, S. (1990). The Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA): An attempt at a more precise measure of ageism. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement, 9(1), 56–66. doi:10.1017/S0714980800016093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. (2019) IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0.IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. (2012). The mental health and substance use workforce for older adults: In whose hands? Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/13400
   Google Scholar
• Jones, J. M., Sander, J. B., & Booker, K. W. (2013). Multicultural competency building: Practical solutions for training and evaluating student progress. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 7(1), 12–22. doi:10.1037/a0030880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasher, K. P., & Faulkender, P. J. (1993). Measurement of aging anxiety: Development of the anxiety about aging scale. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 37(4), 247–259. doi:10.2190/1U69-9AU2-V6LH-9Y1L
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassonde, K. A., Surla, C., Buchanan, J. A., & O’Brien, E. J. (2012). Using the contradiction paradigm to assess ageism. Journal of Aging Studies, 26(2), 174–181. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2011.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederman, D. (2019). Online enrollment grows, but pace slows. https://www.insidehighered.com/digital-learning/article/2019/12/11/more-students-study-online-rate-growth-slowed-2018#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20students%20taking,and%2034.7%20percent%20in%202018.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, X., Bryant, C., & Boldero, J. (2011). Measures for assessing student attitudes toward older people. Educational Gerontology, 37(1), 12–26. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601270903534796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linneberg, M. S., & Korsgaard, S. (2019). Coding qualitative data: A synthesis guiding the novice. Qualitative Research Journal, 19(3), 259–270. doi: 10.1108/QRJ-12-2018-0012.
   Google Scholar
• McBride, R. G., & Hays, D. G. (2012). Counselor demographics, ageist attitudes, and multicultural counseling competence among counselors and counselor trainees. Adultspan Journal, 11(2), 77–88. doi:10.1002/j.2161-0029.2012.00007.x
   Google Scholar
• McDonnell, P. J. (2020). Coronavirus response: Generations react differently to COVID-19. Ophthalmology Times, 45(6), 8.
   Google Scholar
• Merz, C. C., Stark, S. L., Morrow-Howell, N. L., & Carpenter, B. D. (2018). When I’m 64: Effects of an interdisciplinary gerontology course on first-year undergraduates’ perceptions of aging. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 39(1), 35–45. doi:10.1080/02701960.2016.1144600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco:  Josey-Bass, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Moye, J., Karel, M. J., Stamm, K. E., Qualls, S. H., Segal, D. L., Tazeau, Y. N., & DiGilio, D. A. (2019). Workforce analysis of psychological practice with older adults: Growing crisis requires urgent action. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 13(1), 46–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of Social Workers. (2017). Code of ethics of the national association of social workers. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, T. D. (Ed.). (2017). Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 160940691773384. doi:10.1177/1609406917733847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulsen, J., & McCormick, A. C. (2020). Reassessing disparities in online learner student engagement in higher education. Educational Researcher, 49(1), 20–29. doi:10.3102/0013189X19898690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosencranz, H. A., & McNevin, T. E. (1969). A factor analysis of attitudes toward the aged. The Gerontologist, 9(1), 55–59. doi:10.1093/geront/9.1.55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent-Cox, K. A., Rippon, M., & Burns, R. A. (2014). Measuring anxiety about aging across the adult lifespan. International Psychogeriatrics C International Psychogeriatric Association, 26(1), 135–145. doi:10.1017/S1041610213001798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. (2020). After the pandemic. https://www.insidehighered.com/digital-learning/blogs/online-trending-now/prepare-emerge-pandemic-more-resilient-and-responsive
   Google Scholar
• Seirup, H. J., Tirotta, R., & Blue, E. (2016). Online education: Panacea or plateau. Journal for Leadership and Instruction, 15(1), 5–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sharp, M. M., & Morris, M. A. (2014). Virtual empathy? Anxieties and connections teaching and learning pastoral care online. Teaching Theology and Religion, 17(3), 247–263. doi:10.1111/teth.12211
   Google Scholar
• Smidt, E., Li, R., Bunk, J., Kochem, T., & McAndrew, A. (2017). The meaning of quality in an online course to administrators, faculty, and students. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 28(1), 65–86.
   Google Scholar
• Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto empathy questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62–71. doi:10.1080/00223890802484381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). Improving cultural competence. Treatment improvement protocol (TIP) series no. 59. HHS Publication No. (SMA)
   Google Scholar
• Sudha, S., & Morrison, S. (2016). Enhancing “gero-interest” among health education graduate students: Is “adding on” aging to international service learning effective? Pedagogy in Health Promotions, 2(2), 137–143. doi:10.1177/2373379915625073
   Google Scholar
• Taft, S. H., Perkowski, T., & Martin, L. S. (2011). A framework for evaluating class size in online education. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 12(3), 181–197.
   Google Scholar