A COMPARISON OF ORAL AND WRITTEN TEXT: A NEW PERSPECTIVE

REFERENCES

• Berger , N. 1975 . An investigation of literal comprehension and organizational processes in good and poor readers , University of Pittsburgh . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Borg , W. R. and Gall , M. D. 1971 . Educational research , (2nd ed.) , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Danks , J. H. 1980 . “ Comprehension in listening and reading: Same or different? ” . In Reading and understanding , Edited by: Danks , J. H. and Pezdak , K. Newark , Del. : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• Duker , S. 1966 . Listening: Readings , New York : The Scarecrow Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fry , E. 1977 . Fry's readability graph: Clarification, validity, and extension to level 17 . Journal of Reading , 21 : 247 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Gates , A. I. and MacGinite , W. H. 1972 . Gates‐MacGinitie reading test, Survey E , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , K. S. 1966 . “ A psycholinguistic view of reading comprehension ” . In The Fifteenth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference , Edited by: Schnick , G. B. and May , M. M. Milwaukee : National Reading Conference .
   Google Scholar
• Guiraud , P. 1975 . Semiology , Boston : Routledge and Kegan .
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie , J. and Tyler , J. S. 1976 . Psycholinguistic processing in reading and listening among good and poor readers . Journal of Reading Behavior , 8 : 415 – 425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliday , M. A. K. 1978 . Language as social semiotic , Baltimore , Md. : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Helmstadter , G. C. 1964 . Principles of psychological measurement , New York : Meredith Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Herber , H. 1978 . Teaching reading in content areas , (2nd ed.) , Englewood Cliffs , N. J. : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Kintsch , W. 1977 . Memory and cognition , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Kintsch , W. and Kozminsky , E. 1977 . Summarizing stories after reading and listening . Journal of Educational Psychology , 69 : 419 – 499 .
   Google Scholar
• Kleiman , G. M. and Schallert , D. L. 1978 . “ Some things the reader needs to know that the listener doesn't ” . In Reading: Disciplined inquiry in process and practice , Twenty‐seventh Yearbook on National Reading Conference Edited by: Pearson , P. D. and Hansen , J. Clemson , S. C. : National Reading Conference .
   Google Scholar
• Mattingly , I. G. 1972 . “ Reading, the linguistic process, and linguistic awareness ” . In Language by ear and by eye , Edited by: Kavanagh , J. and Mattingly , I. Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• McWilliams , L. and Rakes , T. A. 1979 . Content inventories: English, social studies, and science , Dubuque , Iowa : Kendall Hunt .
   Google Scholar
• Neville , M. H. and Pugh , A. K. 1976‐1977 . Context in reading and listening: Variations in approach to cloze tasks . Reading Research Quarterly , 12 : 13 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , A. D. 1978 . A theoretical taxonomy of the differences between oral and written language , (Tech. Rep. No. 35) Champaign , Ill. : University of Illinois, Center for the Study of Reading .
   Google Scholar
• Sax , G. 1968 . Empirical foundations of educational research , Englewood Cliffs , N. J. : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Schallert , D. L. and Kleiman , G. M. 1979 . Some reasons why teachers are easier to understand than textbooks , (Tech. Rep. No. 9) Champaign , Ill. : University of Illinois, Center for the Study of Reading .
   Google Scholar
• Smiley , S. S. , Oakley , D. D. , Worthern , D. , Campione , J. C. and Brown , A. L. 1977 . Recall of thematically relevant material by adolescent good and poor readers as a function of written versus oral presentation . Journal of Educational Psychology , 69 : 381 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sticht , T. G. , Beck , L. J. and Hauke , R. N. 1974 . Auding and reading: A developmental model , Alexandria , Va. : Human Resources Research Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Swalm , J. E. 1974 . Is listening really more effective for learning in early grades? . Elementary English , 51 : 1110 – 1113 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , L. 1975‐1976 . Comprehending writing and spontaneous speech . Reading Research Quarterly , 11 : 144 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , L. 1977 . Comprehension of written and spontaneous speech . Visible Language , 11 : 37 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Weaver , W. W. and Kingston , A. J. 1971 . “ Modeling the effects of oral language upon reading language ” . In The literature of research in reading with emphasis on models , Edited by: Davis , F. B. New Brunswick , N. J. : Rutgers‐The State University .
   Google Scholar
• Weisberg , R. 1979 . A comparison of good and poor readers’ ability to comprehend explicit and implicit information in short stories based on two modes of presentation . Research in the Teaching of English , 4 : 337 – 351 .
   Google Scholar