FOUR CONCEPTIONS OF LITERACY

References

• Applebee , A. N. and Langer , J. A. 1983 . Instructional scaffolding: Reading and writing as natural language activities . Language Arts , 60 : 168 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Au , K. H. and Mason , J. 1981 . Social organizational factors in learning to read: the balance of rights hypothesis . Reading Research Quarterly , 17 : 115 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , I. L. , Omanson , R. D. and McKeown , M.G. 1982 . An instructional redesign of reading lessons: Effects on comprehension . Reading Research Quarterly , 17 : 462 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggs , S. T. 1972 . “ The meaning of questions and narratives to Hawaiian children ” . In The functions of language in the classroom , Edited by: Cazden , C. B. , John , V. P. and Hymes , D. New York : Teachers’ College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bridges , D. 1979 . Education, democracy and discussion , The Mere, Upton Park, Slough, Berks, , >England : NFER .
   Google Scholar
• Cazden , C. 1982 . Contexts for literacy: In the mind and in the classroom . Journal of Reading Behaviour , 14 : 413 – 428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford , G. J. 1984 . Buch and lesen: Historical perspectives on literacy and schooling . Review of Educational Research , 54 : 472 – 500 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon , David . 1981 . Literacy and mainstream culture in American history ‐ Carl F. Kaestle . Language Arts , 58 : 207 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Dillon , David . 1985 . “ The dangers of computers in literacy education: Who's in charge here? ” . In Computers and literacy , Edited by: Chandler , D. and Marcus , S. Philadelphia : Milton Keynes .
   Google Scholar
• Dillon , J. T. 1982 . The multidisciplinary study of teacher questioning . Journal of Educational Psychology , 74 : 147 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon , J. T. 1985 . Using questions to foil discussion . Teaching and Teacher Education , 1 : 109 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Dillon , J. T. 1984 . Teaching and the art of questioning , Bloomington, Indiana : Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Durkin , D. 1979 . What classroom observations reveal about reading comprehension instruction . Reading Research Quarterly , 14 : 481 – 533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1984 . Educational Testing Service Annual Report , Princeton, N. J. : Educational Testing Service .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , R. 1984 . School literacy, reasoning and civility: An anthropologist's perspective . Review of Educational Research , 54 : 525 – 546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrar , M. T. 1984 . Why do we ask comprehension questions?: A new conception of comprehension instruction . The Reading Teacher , 37 : 452 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrar , M. T. Five high school lessons: A sociolinguistic analysis . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . Chicago. April ,
   Google Scholar
• Friere , P. 1970 . Cultural action for freedom. Harvard Educational Review , (Monograph Series No. 1)
   Google Scholar
• Fillion , B. and Henderson , J. 1980 . Inquiry into literature , Don Mills, Ontario : Collier Macmillan Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , E. 1982 . Learning to discuss , Edinburgh, Scotland : Moray House College of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Garfinkel , H. 1967 . Studies in ethnomethodology , Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Goody , J. , ed. 1968 . Literacy in traditional societies , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , M. and Humphrey , R. 1978 . “ Task and talk ” . In The study of children's functional language in the early years , Edited by: Shuy , R. and Griffin , M. Arlington, Va. : Center for Applied Linguistics . (Final report to the Carnegie Corporation of New York).
   Google Scholar
• Hammond , D. C. , Hepworth , D. H. and Smith , V. G. 1977 . Improving therapeutic communication: a guide for developing effective techniques , San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Heath , S. B. 1983 . Ways with words; language, life and work in communities and classroom , London : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heap , J. L. 1982 . Understanding classroom events: A critique of Durkin with an alternative . Journal of Reading Behaviour , 14 : 391 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer , J. A. 1984 . Literacy instruction in American schools: Problems and perspectives . American Journal of Education , 93 : 107 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer , J. A. and Applebee , A. N. 1984 . “ Language, learning and interaction: a framework for improving the teaching of writing ” . In Contexts for learning to write: Studies of secondary school instruction , Edited by: Applebee , A. N. Norwood, N. J. : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Mathews , M. M. 1966 . Teaching to read: Historically considered , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mishler , E. G. 1978 . Studies in dialogue and discourse: III Utterance structure and utterance function in interrogative sequences . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 7 : 279 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehan , H. 1979 . Learning lessons , Cambridge, Ma. : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Odell , C. W. September 29 1924 . The use of questions in classroom instruction , (Vol. 22) , September 29 , University of Illinois Bulletin .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , P. D. 1985 . Changing the face of reading comprehension instruction . The Reading Teacher , 38 : 724 – 738 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson , P. D. and Johnson , D. D. 1978 . Teaching reading comprehension , New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , P. D. and Tierney , R. J. 1984 . On becoming a thoughtful reader: Learning to read like a writer , Urbana, Illinois : University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign . (Center for the Study of Reading, Reading Education Report No. 50, 1984.)
   Google Scholar
• Perfetti , C. A. Reading ability , New York : Oxford University Press . (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Perfetti , C. A. and Lesgold , A. M. 1977 . “ Discourse comprehension and sources of individual differences ” . In Cognitive processes in comprehension , Edited by: Just , M. A. and Carpenter , P. A . Hillsdale, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Perfetti , C. A. and Roth , S. F. 1981 . “ Some of the interactive processes in reading and their role in reading skill ” . In Interactive processes in reading , Edited by: Lesgold , A. M. and Perfetti , C. A. Hillsdale, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Purvis , A. C. 1984 . The potential and real achievement of U.S. students in school reading . American Journal of Education , 93 : 82 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radwin , E. Literacy ‐ what and why , Harvard University . Unpublished manuscript,
   Google Scholar
• Raphael , T. E. and Pearson , P. D. 1985 . Increasing students’ awareness of sources of information for answering questions . American Educational Research Journal , 22 : 217 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick , D. P. , ed. 1983 . Literacy in historical perspective , Washington, D. C. : Library of Congress .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt , L. M. 1978 . The reader, the text and the poem , Carbondale, Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt , L. M. 1985 . Viewpoints: Transaction versus interaction ‐ a terminological rescue operation . Research in the Teaching of English , 19 : 96 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , N. M. 1966 . Classroom questions: What kinds , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Schon , D. A. 1983 . The reflective practitioner , New York : Basic .
   Google Scholar
• Scribner , S. 1984 . Literacy in three metaphors . American Journal of Education , 93 : 6 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scribner , S. and Cole , M. 1981 . The psychology of literacy , Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair , J. M. and Coulthard , R. M. 1975 . Towards an analysis of discourse , Toronto : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Swift , J. N. and Gooding , C. T. 1983 . Interaction of wait time feedback and questioning instruction on middle school science teaching . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 20 : 721 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertsch , J. 1979 . From social interaction to higher psychological processes . Human Development , 22 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , B. , Bruner , J. S. and Ross , G. 1976 . The role of tutoring in problem solving . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 17 : 89 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , H. and Wood , D. 1983 . Questioning the pre‐school child . Educational Review , 35 : 149 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar