The Toxicity of Diquat, Endothall, and Fluridone to the Early Life Stages of Fish

LITERATURE CITED

• Abbott , W. S. 1925 . A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide . J. Econ. Ent. , 18 : 265 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreiro Lozano , R. and Pratt , J. R. 1994 . Interaction of toxicants and communities: the role of nutrients . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 13 ( 3 ) : 361 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Bashe , W. J. 1988 . Determination of diquat and paraquat in drinking waters by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Technology Applications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Berry , C. R. , Schreck , C. B. and Van Horn , S. L. 1975 . Aquatic macroinvertebrate response to field application of the combined herbicides diquat and endothall . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 14 : 374 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney , D. J. 1978 . Statistical method in biological assay, , 3rd ed. 508 London : Charles Griffin and Col Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Freund , R. J. and Littell , R. C. 1986 . SAS System for Regression. 1986 edition. Cary, NC : SAS Institute Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Gilderhus , P. A. 1967 . Effects of diquat on bluegills and their food organisms . Prog. Fish Cult. , 29 : 67 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , M. A. , Russo , R. C. and Thurston , R. V. 1977 . Trimmed Spearman-Karber method for estimating median lethal concentrations . Environ. Sci. Tech. , 11 ( 7 ) : 714 – 719 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamelink , J. L. , Buckler , D. R. , Mayer , F. L. , Palawski , D. U. and Sanders , H. O. 1986 . Toxicity of fluridone to aquatic invertebrates and fish . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 5 : 87 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiltibran , R. C. 1967 . Effects of some herbicides on fertilized fish eggs and fry . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 96 : 414 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiltibran , R. C. , Underwood , D. L. and Fickle , J. S. 1972 . Fate of diquat in the aquatic environment. WRC Research Report No. 52. University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , J. S. 1975 . “ Striped bass ” . In Morone saxatilis (Walbuum), culture investigations in Louisiana with notes of sensitivity of fry and fingerlings to various chemicals. Fisheries Bulletin No. 13. Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Baton Rouge, LA.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , W. W. and Finley , M. T. 1980 . Handbook of acute toxicity of chemicals to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R. O. 1985 . Tolerance of the fry of common warm-water fishes to some chemicals employed in fish culture . Proc. South. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. , 16 : 436 – 445 .
   Google Scholar
• Lagman , L. H. and Hale , J. R. 1987 . Analytical method for the determination of diquat in aquatic weed infested lakes and rivers in South Carolina. South Carolina Water Resources Commission, SC.
   Google Scholar
• Leung , T. S. , Naqvi , S. M. and Leblanc , C. 1983 . Toxicities of two herbicides (Basagran, diquat) and an algicide (Cutrine-plus) to mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. . Environ. Pollut. (Ser. A) , 30 : 153 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Lilly Research Laboratories . 1991 . Determination of fluridone in water by high-performance liquid chromatography following extraction with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges. Method Number AM-AA-CA-R031-AC-755. Agricultural Analytical Chemistry, Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN.
   Google Scholar
• Simonin , H. A. and Skea , J. C. 1977 . Toxicity of diquat and cutrine to fingerling brown trout . NY Fish and Game J. , 24 : 37 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Skea , J. , Neuderfer , G. , Symula , J. , Aylesworth , G. and Miccoli , J. 1987 . The toxicity of Ortho-Diquat to the fry of several species of warmwater fish. Technical Report No. 87-1 (BEP), Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Surber , E. W. and Pickering , H. 1962 . Acute toxicity of endothall, diquat, hyamine, dalapon and silvex to fish . Prog. Fish. Cult. , 24 : 114 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Urban , O. J. and Cook , N. J. 1986 . Hazard evaluation division, standard evaluation procedure, ecological risk assessment. EPA 540/9–85-001. Final Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Valent, USA Corp . 1989 . Diquat herbicide—H/A: for aquatic plant management. Product Report. Walnut Creek, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Walker , C. R. 1963 . Endothall derivatives as aquatic herbicides in fishery habitats . Weeds , 11 : 226 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , C. I. 1991 . Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms, , 4th ed. Washington, D.C. : EPA 600/4–90-027. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , C. I. 1993 . Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms, , 4th ed. Washington, D.C. : EPA 600/4–90-027F. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Gulley , D. D. and West Inc . 1994 . TOXSTAT version 3.4. Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc. Cheyenne, WY.
   Google Scholar
• Williams , E. H. , Mather , E. L. and Carter , S. M. 1984 . Toxicity of herbicides endothall and diquat to benthic crustacea . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 33 : 418 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , D. C. and Bond , C. E. 1969 . The effect of the herbicide diquat and dichlobenil (casoron) on pond invertebrates, part I: aquatic toxicity . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 98 : 438 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar