Prey Selection of Subyearling Atlantic Salmon and Rainbow Trout Coexisting in a Natural Stream

LITERATURE CITED

• Angermeier , P. L. 1982 . Resource seasonality and fish diets in an Illinois stream . Envir. Biol. Fishes , 7 : 251 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldigo , B. P. 1982 . Resource partitioning by sunfish (Centrarchidae) populations. M.Sc. thesis. Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology New York : State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse .
   Google Scholar
• Bannon , E. and Ringler , N. H. 1986 . Optimal prey size for stream-resident brown trout (Salmo trutta): tests of predictive models . Can. J. Zool. , 64 : 704 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , D. W. and Bjomn , T. C. 1969 . “ Distribution of salmonids in streams, with special reference to food and feeding. ” . In Symposium on Salmon and Trout in Streams. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. Edited by: Northcote , T. G. 153 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Chiotti , T. L. 1981 . A strategic fisheries management plan for Owasco Lake. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Publication, Albany, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Coghlan , S. M. and Ringler , N. H. 2005 . Temperature-dependent effects of rainbow trout on growth of Atlantic salmon parr . J. Great Lakes Res. , 31 : 386 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colwell , R. K. and Futuyma , D. J. 1971 . On the measurement of niche breadth and overlap . Ecology , 52 : 567 – 576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeBilly , V. D. , Dumont , B. , LaGarrigue , T. , Baran , P. and Statzner , B. 2002 . Invertebrate accessibility and vulnerability in the analysis of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) summer habitat suitability . River Res. and Applic. , 18 : 533 – 553 .
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , J. M. 1973 . The food of brown and rainbow trout (Salmo trutta and S. gairdneri) in relation to the abundance of drifting invertebrates in a mountain stream . Oecologia , 12 : 329 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fausch , K. D. 1988 . Tests of competition between native and introduced salmonids in streams: what have we learned? . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 45 : 2328 – 2246 .
   Google Scholar
• Fausch , K. D. , Nakano , S. and Kitano , S. 1997 . Experimentally induced foraging Inode shift by sylnpatric charrs in a Japanese mountain stream. Behav. Ecol. 8914 – 420 .
   Google Scholar
• Fausch , K. D. and White , R. J. 1986 . Competition among juveniles of coho salmon, brook trout, and brown trout in a laboratory stream, and implications for Great Lakes tributaries . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 115 : 363 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinsinger , P. , Spears , E. E. and Poole , R. W. 1981 . A simple measure of niche breadth . Ecology , 62 : 27 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forseth , T. , Ugedal , O. , Jonsson , B. and Fleming , I. A. 2003 . Selection on Arctic charr generated by competition from brown trout . Oikos , 101 : 467 – 478 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , R. J. 1980 . Behavioural interactions between coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), at the juvenile fluviatile stages. Final Report to the Government of Quebec, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
   Google Scholar
• Gotceitas , V. and Godin , J.-G. 1991 . Effects of location of food delivery and social status on foraging-site selection by juvenile Atlantic salmon . Envir. Biol. Fish. , 35 : 291 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Gunckel , S. L. , Hemmingsen , A. R. and Li , J. L. 2002 . Effect of bull trout and brook trout interactions on foraging habitat, feeding behavior, and growth . Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. , 131 : 1119 – 1130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardin , G. 1961 . The competitive exclusion principle . Science , 131 : 1292 – 1297 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartman , G. F. 1965 . The role of behaviour in the ecology and interaction of underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) . J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. , 22 : 1035 – 1081 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , J. W. , Stark , J. D. and Shearer , K. A. 2000 . Development and test of a whole-lifetime foraging and bioenergetics growth inode1 for drift-feeding brown trout . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 129 : 315 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearn , W. E. 1987 . Interspecific competition and habitat segregation among stream-dwelling trout and salmon: a review . Fisheries , 12 : 24 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearn , W. E. and Kynard , B. E. 1986 . Habitat utilization and behavioral interaction of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (S. gairdneri) in tributaries of the White River of Vermont . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 43 : 1988 – 1998 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook , S. J. and Schmitt , R. J. 1989 . Resouce overlap, prey dynamics, and the strength of competition . Ecology , 70 : 1943 – 1953 .
   Google Scholar
• Horn , H. S. 1966 . Measurements of “overlap” in comparative ecological studies . Am. Nat. , 100 : 419 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , R. M. 1979 . Temperature, interspecific competition, and the production of juvenile salmonids in experimental stream communities. Ph.D. thesis. Fisheries Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg , I. D. and Williams , D. D. 1999 . Response of stream invertebrates to a global-warming thermal regime: an ecosystem-level manipulation . Ecology , 77 : 395 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Huru , H. 1986 . Diurnal variations in the diet of 0 to 3 years old Atlantic salmon Salmo solar L. under semiarctic summer conditions in the Alta River, northern Norway . Fauna Norvegica Ser. A , 7 : 33 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Imre , I. , Grant , J. W.A. and Keeley , E. R. 2004 . The effect of food abundance on territory size and population density of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Oecologia , 138 : 371 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , D. A. , Peres-Neto , P. R. and Olden , J. D. 2001 . What controls who is where in freshwater fish communities—the role of biotic, abiotic, and spatial factors . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 58 : 157 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , T. M. , Feldmeth , C. R. and Elliott , G. V. 1970 . Feeding of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in relation to abundance of drifting invertebrates in a mountain stream . J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. , 27 : 2356 – 2361 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. H. and Ringler , N. H. 1980 . Diets of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) relative to prey availability . Can. J. Zool. , 58 : 553 – 558 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. H. and Wedge , L. R. 1999 . Interspecific competition in tributaries: prospectus for restoring Atlantic salmon in Lake Ontario . Great Lakes Res. Rev. , 4 : 11 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Keeley , E. R. and Grant , J. W.A. 1997 . Allometry of diet selectivity of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 54 : 1894 – 1902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koel , T. M. , Bigelow , P. E. , Doepke , P. D. , Ertel , B. D. and Mahony , D. L. 2005 . Nonnative lake trout result in Yellowstone cutthroat trout decline and impacts to bears and anglers . Fisheries , 30 : 10 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson , G. L. and Moore , S. E. 1985 . Encroachment of exotic rainbow trout into stream populations of native brook trout in the southern Appalachian mountains . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 114 : 195 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna , J. E. and Johnson , J. H. 2005 . Juvenile rainbow trout production in New York tributaries of Lake Ontario: implications for Atlantic salmon restoration . N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. , 25 : 391 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyasaka , H. , Nakano , S. and Furukawa , T. 2003 . Food habit divergence between white-spotted charr and masu salmon in Japanese mountain streams: circumstantial evidence for competition . Limnology , 4 : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller , K. 1954 . Investigations on the organic drift in North Swedish streams . Rep. Inst. Freshwater. Res., Drottningholm , 35 : 133 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakano , S. 1995a . Competitive interactions for foraging microhabitats in a size-structured interspecific dominance hierarchy of two sympatric salmonids in a natural habitat . Can. J. Zool. , 73 : 1845 – 1854 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano , S. 1995b . Individual differences in resource use, growth and emigration under the influence of a dominance hierarchy in fluvial red-spotted masu salmon in a natural habitat . J. Anim. Ecol. , 64 : 75 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano , S. , Kitano , S. , Nakai , K. and Fausch , K. D. 1998 . Competitive interactions for foraging microhabitat among introduced brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis and native bull charr, S. confluentus and westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi in a Montana stream . Envir. Biol. Fish. , 52 : 345 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano , S. , Fausch , K. D. and Kitano , S. 1999 . Flexible niche partitioning via a foraging mode shift: a proposed mechanism for coexistence in stream-dwelling charrs . J. Anim. Ecol. , 68 : 1079 – 1092 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson , N.-A. 1967 . “ Interactive segregation between fish species. ” . In The biological basis of freshwater fish production. Edited by: Gerking , S. D. 295 – 315 . Oxford, , U. K. : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Nislow , K. H. , Folt , C. L. and Parrish , D. L. 1999 . Favorable foraging locations for young Atlantic salmon: application to habitat and population restoration . Ecol. Appl. , 9 : 1085 – 1099 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabom , S. W. , Miranda , L. E. and Driscoll , M. T. 2004 . Diet overlap and consumption patterns suggest seasonal flux in the likelihood for exploitative competition among piscivorous fishes . Ecol. Freshwater Fish , 13 : 276 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Rader , R. B. 1997 . A functional classification of the drift: traits that influence invertebrate availability to salmonids . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 54 : 1211 – 1234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffenberg , M. J. and Parrish , D. L. 2003 . Interactions of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and trout (Salvelinus fontinalis and Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Vermont tributaries of the Connecticut River . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 60 : 279 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raney , E. C. and Lachner , E. A. 1942 . Autumn food of recently planted young brown trout in small streams of Central New York . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 72 : 106 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Ready , R. C. , Mills , E. L. and Confer , J. L. 1985 . A new estimator of, and factors influencing, the sampling variance of the linear index of food selection . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 114 : 258 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoener , T. W. 1982 . The controversy over interspecific competition . Am. Sci. , 70 : 586 – 595 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scrimgeour , G. J. and Winterbourn , M. J. 1987 . Diet, food partitioning and feeding periodicity of two riffle-dwelling fish species in a New Zealand river . J. Fish Biol. , 31 : 309 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , J. J. and Li , H. W. 1983 . “ Energetic factors influencing foraging tactics of juvenile steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri. ” . In Predators and prey in fishes. Dr W. Junk Pub., The Hague. Edited by: Noakes , D. L.C. 173 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Sosiak , A. J. , Randall , R. G. and McKenzie , J. A. 1979 . Feeding by hatchery-reared and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr in streams . J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. , 36 : 1408 – 1412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanfield , L. W. and Jones , M. L. 2003 . Factors influencing rearing success of Atlantic salmon stocked as fry and parr in Lake Ontario tributaries . N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. , 23 : 1175 – 1183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss , R. E. 1979 . Reliability estimates for Ivlev's electivity index, the forage ratio, and a proposed linear index of food selection . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 108 : 344 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utz , R. J. and Hartman , K. J. 2007 . Identification of critical prey items to Appalachian brook trout (Salvelinus, fontinalis) with emphasis on terrestrial organisms . Hydrobiologia , 575 : 259 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Snik Gray , E. , Boltz , J. M. , Kellogg , K. A. and Stauffer , J. R. 1997 . Food resource partitioning by nine sympatric darter species . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 126 : 822 – 840 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpe , J. P. , Anholt , B. R. and Glickman , B. W. 2001 . Competition among juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): relevance to invasion potential in British Columbia . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 58 : 197 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster , D. A. 1982 . Early history of Atlantic salmon in New York . N. Y. Fish Game J. , 29 : 26 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner , E. E. 1977 . Species packing and niche complementarity in three sunfishes . Am. Nat. , 111 : 553 – 578 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner , E. E. and Hall , D. J. 1974 . Optimal foraging and the size selection of prey by the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) . Ecology , 55 : 1042 – 1052 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiens , J. A. 1983 . Competition or peaceful coexistence? . Nat. Hist. , 92 : 30 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Zar , J. H. 1999 . Biostatistical Analysis Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Zaret , T. M. and Rand , A. S. 1971 . Competition in tropical stream fishes: support for the competitive exclusion principle . Ecology , 52 : 336 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar