Characterizing lentic habitats in golf courses and adjacent green spaces: water quality, water chemistry, pesticide concentrations, and algal concentrations

References

• Angel S, Parent J, Civco DL, Blei A, Potere D. 2011. The dimensions of global urban expansion: estimates and projections for all countries, 2000–2050. Prog Plann. 75(2):53–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APHA. 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Baltimore (MD): United Book Press Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin DS, Mitchell AM, Rees GN. 2000. The effects of in situ drying on sediment-phosphate interactions in sediments from an old wetland. Hydrobiologia. 431(1):3–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baris RD, Cohen SZ, Barnes NL, Lam J, Ma Q. 2010. Quantitative analysis of over 20 years of golf course monitoring studies. Environ Toxicol Chem. 29(6):1224–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertram PE. 1993. Total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen trends in the central basin of Lake Erie, 1970–1991. J Great Lakes Res. 19(2):224–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt LA, Lewis AD, Scott L, Darling L, Fahey RT, Iverson L, Nowak DJ, Bodine AR, Bell A, Still S. 2017. Chicago Wilderness region urban forest vulnerability assessment and synthesis: a report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework Chicago Wilderness pilot project. Gen Tech Rep. 142:168.
   Google Scholar
• Brawn JD, Stotz DF. 2001. The importance of the Chicago region and the “Chicago Wilderness” initiative for avian conservation. Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Berlin, Germany: Springer; p. 509–522.
   Google Scholar
• Cassel KW, Vanek JP, Glowacki GA, Preuss TS, Nielsen CK. 2019. Multiscale habitat factors influence the occupancy and turnover of the suburban herpetofauna of Chicago, Illinois, USA. Herpetol Conserv Biol. 14(2):438–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christians N, Patton AJ, Law QD. 2017. Fundamentals of turfgrass management. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Svrjcek A, Durborow T, Barnes NL. 1999. Water quality impacts by golf courses. J Environ Qual. 28(3):798–809.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colding J, Folke C. 2009. The role of golf courses in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. Ecosystems. 12(2):191–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha Pereira H, Allott N, Coxon C. 2010. Are seasonal lakes as productive as permanent lakes? A case study from Ireland. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 67(8):1291–1302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis NM, Lydy MJ. 2002. Evaluating best management practices at an urban golf course. Environ Toxicol Chem. 21(5):1076–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Declerck SAJ, Bakker ES, van Lith B, Kersbergen A, van Donk E. 2011. Effects of nutrient additions and macrophyte composition on invertebrate community assembly and diversity in experimental ponds. Basic Appl Ecol. 12(5):466–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devitt DA, Morris RL, Baghzouz M, Lockett M, Fenstermaker LK. 2005. Water quality changes in golf course irrigation ponds transitioning to reuse water. Hort Sci. 40(7):2151–2156.
   Google Scholar
• Dow CL, Zampella RA. 2000. Specific conductance and pH as indicators of watershed disturbance in streams of the New Jersey Pinelands, USA. Environ Manage. 26(4):437–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drenner SM, Dodson SI, Drenner RW, Pinder JE. III 2009. Crustacean zooplankton community structure in temporary and permanent grassland ponds. Hydrobiologia. 632(1):225–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairchild GW, Cruz J, Faulds AM, Short AEZ, Matta JF. 2003. Microhabitat and landscape influences on aquatic beetle assemblages in a cluster of temporary and permanent ponds. J North Am Benthol Soc. 22(2):224–240.
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild GW, Lowe RL. 1984. Artificial substrates which release nutrients: effects on periphyton and invertebrate succession. Hydrobiologia. 114(1):29–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsberg C, So R. 1980. Eutrophication parameters and trophic state indices in 30 Swedish waste-receiving lakes. Arch. Hydrobiol. 89(1–2):189–207.
   Google Scholar
• Gallo T, Fidino M, Lehrer EW, Magle SB. 2017. Mammal diversity and metacommunity dynamics in urban green spaces: implications for urban wildlife conservation. Ecol Appl. 27(8):2330–2341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo T, Lehrer EW, Fidino M, Kilgour RJ, Wolff PJ, Magle SB. 2018. Need for multiscale planning for conservation of urban bats. Conserv Biol. 32(3):638–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharehaghaji M, Kobal S, Reklau R, Minor ES. 2019. Management slows down invasion by non-native plants but does not prevent community change over 35 years in urban forests of the Midwestern USA. For Ecol Manage. 448:424–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs JP. 2000. Wetland loss and biodiversity conservation. Conserv Biol. 14(1):314–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffis-Kyle KL. 2007. Sublethal effects of nitrite on eastern tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) and wood frog (Rana sylvatica) embryos and larvae: implications for field populations. Aquat Ecol. 41(1):119–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett JE. 1966. An application of geologic information to land use in the Chicago metropolitan region. Environ Geol. 8:1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Hodgkison S, Hero J-M, Warnken J. 2007. The efficacy of small-scale conservation efforts, as assessed on Australian golf courses. Biol Conserv. 135(4):576–586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard‐Williams C. 1985. Cycling and retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in wetlands: a theoretical and applied perspective. Freshw Biol. 15(4):391–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang X, Jin X, Yao Y, Li L, Wu F. 2008. Effects of biological activity, light, temperature and oxygen on phosphorus release processes at the sediment and water interface of Taihu Lake, China. Water Res. 42(8–9):2251–2259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JR, Knowlton MF. 1993. Limnology of Missouri reservoirs: an analysis of regional patterns. Lake Reserv Manag. 8(1):17–30.
   Google Scholar
• Kassila J, Hasnaoui M, Droussi M, Loudiki M, Yahyaoui A. 2001. Relation between phosphate and organic matter in fish-pond sediments of the Deroua fish farm (Béni-Mellal, Morocco): implications for pond management. Hydrobiologia. 450(1–3):57–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsiapi M, Mazaris AD, Charalampous E, Moustaka-Gouni M. 2012. Watershed land use types as drivers of freshwater phytoplankton structure. Phytoplankt responses to human impacts at different scales. Berlin, Germany: Springer; p. 121–131.
   Google Scholar
• Knoll LB, Vanni MJ, Renwick WH. 2003. Phytoplankton primary production and photosynthetic parameters in reservoirs along a gradient of watershed land use. Limnol Oceanogr. 48(2):608–617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczyńska‐Kippen N, Joniak T. 2010. The impact of water chemistry on zooplankton occurrence in two types (field versus forest) of small water bodies. Int Rev Hydrobiol. 95(2):130–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewitus AJ, Schmidt LB, Mason LJ, Kempton JW, Wilde SB, Wolny JL, Williams BJ, Hayes KC, Hymel SN, Keppler CJ. 2003. Harmful algal blooms in South Carolina residential and golf course ponds. Popul Environ. 24(5):387–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey LL. 1980. Phytoplankton of selected borrow pit ponds in northern Illinois. Ohio Acad Sci. 5:108–113.
   Google Scholar
• Little AM, Church JO. 2018. Ephemeral pond vegetation within the glaciated Upper Midwest: a comparison with permanent wetlands. Freshw Sci. 37(1):31–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyman GT, Throssell CS, Johnson ME, Stacey GA, Brown CD. 2007. Golf course profile describes turfgrass, landscape, and environmental stewardship features. Appl Turfgrass Sci. 4(1):0.
   Google Scholar
• Mackey MJ, Connette GM, Peterman WE, Semlitsch RD. 2014. Do golf courses reduce the ecological value of headwater streams for salamanders in the southern Appalachian Mountains? Landsc Urban Plan. 125:17–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magle SB, Lehrer EW, Fidino M. 2016. Urban mesopredator distribution: examining the relative effects of landscape and socioeconomic factors. Anim Conserv. 19(2):163–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marion JW, Zhang F, Cutting D, Lee J. 2017. Associations between county-level land cover classes and cyanobacteria blooms in the United States. Ecol Eng. 108:556–563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley E, Downing JA, Watson S. 1989. Sigmoid relationships between nutrients and chlorophyll among lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 46(7):1171–1175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley LA, Jenkins DG, Quintana-Ascencio PF. 2013. Isolated wetland loss and degradation over two decades in an increasing urbanized landscape. Wetlands. 33(1):117–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles CJ, Leong G, Dollar S. 1992. Pesticides in marine sediments associated with golf course runoff. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 49(2):179–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison JL, Gottlieb IGW, Pias KE. 2016. Spatial distribution and the value of green spaces for urban red-tailed hawks. Urban Ecosyst. 19(3):1373–1388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy J, Riley JP. 1962. A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta. 27:31–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble A, Hassall C. 2015. Poor ecological quality of urban ponds in northern England: causes and consequences. Urban Ecosyst. 18(2):649–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul MJ, Meyer JL. 2001. Streams in the urban landscape. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 32(1):333–365.
   Google Scholar
• Petrosillo I, Valente D, Pasimeni MR, Aretano R, Semeraro T, Zurlini G. 2019. Can a golf course support biodiversity and ecosystem services? The landscape context matter. Landscape Ecol. 34(10):2213–2228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruliffson JA, Gobster PH, Haight RG, Homans FR. 2002. Niches in the urban forest: organizations and their role in acquiring metropolitan open space. J For. 100(6):16–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryals SC, Genter MB, Leidy RB. 1998. Assessment of surface water quality on three eastern North Carolina golf courses. Environ Toxicol Chem. 17(10):1934–1942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seminara M, Vagaggini D, Margaritora FG. 2008. Differential responses of zooplankton assemblages to environmental variation in temporary and permanent ponds. Aquat Ecol. 42(1):129–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semlitsch RD, Bodie JR. 1998. Are small, isolated wetlands expendable? Conserv Biol. 12(5):1129–1133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semlitsch RD, Boone MD, Bodie JR. 2007. Using golf courses to bolster amphibian communities. USGA Green Sect Rec. 45:7–11.
   Google Scholar
• Solorzano L. 1969. Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenolhypochlorite method. Limnol Oceanogr. 14(5):799–801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner RA, Gange AC. 2005. Effects of golf courses on local biodiversity. Landsc Urban Plan. 71(2–4):137–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Throssell CS, Lyman GT, Johnson ME, Foundation G, Highway SUS. 2009. Golf course environmental profile measures water use, source, cost, quality, and management and conservation strategies applied turfgrass science applied turfgrass science. Plant Manag Netw. 6(1):0–0.
   Google Scholar
• TIBCO Software, Inc. 2017. Global leader in integration and analytics software. TIBCO Software Inc. www.tibco.com.
   Google Scholar
• Turner Designs Co. [date unknown]. Fluorometers for water quality. United States: Turner Designs. www.turnerdesigns.com.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. 2019. U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States. Census Bureau QuickFacts. [accessed 2020 May 21]. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts.
   Google Scholar
• White CL, Main MB. 2005. Waterbird use of created wetlands in golf‐course landscapes. Wildl Soc Bull. 33(2):411–421.2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson C, Weng Q. 2010. Assessing surface water quality and its relation with urban land cover changes in the Lake Calumet Area, Greater Chicago. Environ Manage. 45(5):1096–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter JG, Somers KM, Dillon PJ, Paterson C, Reid RA. 2002. Impacts of golf courses on macroinvertebrate community structure in Precambrian Shield streams. J Environ Qual. 31(6):2015–2025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter JG, Dillon PJ. 2005. Effects of golf course construction and operation on water chemistry of headwater streams on the Precambrian Shield. Environ Pollut. 133(2):243–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Xie Y, Qi K, Luo Z, Wang X. 2018. Detecting the response of bird communities and biodiversity to habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanization. Sci Total Environ. 624:1561–1576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, He Z, Wang Y, Fan J, Liang Z, Stoffella PJ. 2013. Dissolved organic matter in relation to nutrients (N and P) and heavy metals in surface runoff water as affected by temporal variation and land uses–A case study from Indian River Area, south Florida, USA. Agric Water Manag. 118:38–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuda M, Koike F. 2006. Do golf courses provide a refuge for flora and fauna in Japanese urban landscapes? Landsc Urban Plan. 75(1–2):58–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YSI Inc. [date unknown]. Water quality sampling and monitoring meters and instruments for dissolved oxygen, PH, turbidity. YSI. www.ysi.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Young AH, Knapp KR, Inamdar A, Hankins W, Rossow WB. 2018. The international satellite cloud climatology project H-Series climate data record product. Earth Syst Sci Data. 10(1):583–593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar